商品肉鸡H5N1 Re-1株免疫效果监测

利用禽流感Re-1株灭活疫苗分别在肉雏鸡群1日龄和5日龄首免,二次免疫时间在12日龄,利用HA-HI试验,检测肉仔鸡在出栏前不同时期的免疫抗体水平。实验表明,肉仔鸡12日龄以前,受到母源抗体的影响,HI水平较高,而26～46日龄,免疫抗体水平较低,证明肉鸡一直到出栏前,禽流感免疫抗体都不合格。     

ALV-J相关的鸡急性纤维肉瘤发病模型的建立

【目的】证明纤维肉瘤病料中含有的ALV-J相关病毒能够诱发急性纤维肉瘤。【方法】将含ALV-J相关病毒的病料过滤液经不同部位接种1日龄817肉杂鸡;将该过滤液不同倍数稀释后接种1日龄SPF鸡和817肉杂鸡;将该过滤液接种细胞培养后的上清液接种1日龄817肉杂鸡,连续动态观测30 d。【结果】颈部皮下、胸肌、腹腔3个部位攻毒鸡的肿瘤发生率分别为100%（20/20）、95.2%（20/21）、100%（20/20）。病料过滤液未经稀释接种817肉杂鸡和SPF鸡的肿瘤发生率均为100%（10/10）,10倍稀释后攻毒鸡的肿瘤发生率分别为80%（8/10）和100%（10/10）,100倍稀释后攻毒鸡的肿瘤发生率分别为100%（10/10）和80%（8/10）,1 000倍稀释后攻毒鸡的肿瘤发生率分别为40%（4/10）和50%（5/10）,更高倍数稀释后攻毒鸡没有肿瘤发生。接种病料的细胞培养上清也能使33.3%（2/6）的鸡只发生肉瘤。病理组织学检测显示：诱发的急性肿瘤系典型的纤维肉瘤。【结论】817肉杂鸡肉瘤病料中含有ALV-J相关的急性致肿瘤病毒,不论是病料过滤液本身还是其接种DF-1细胞培养后的上清液都能在不同品种鸡复制出急性纤维肉瘤,最快在接种后7 d出现,且肿瘤发生的时间、动态和肿瘤发生率与接种量密切相关。     

云南大理机场鸟类调查及鸟撞防治对策

为获得云南大理机场鸟撞预防所需的基础性生态资料,将大理机场净空范围内的地面投影区域分为果园苗圃、工厂、村落、林地、水域、农地、荒山7种类型生境,2010年春、夏、秋、冬季分4次对这7种生境的鸟类种类和数量进行调查,同时收集栖息地植被与昆虫群落特征。根据鸟类体型、飞行高度、群体数量以及遇见频次等信息综合分析各种鸟类对航空飞行的威胁程度。结果表明：大理机场及其周边共有鸟类81种,隶属于12目31科,其中有严重威胁鸟类6种、有威胁的14种和无威胁的61种;从地形、生境、季节、食源等方面对威胁鸟种进行分析,并依此提出大理机场鸟撞防治对策。     

江苏宝应湖湿地秋冬两季鸟类区系组成及多样性调查

于2012年9月至2013年3月采用样线法对江苏扬州宝应湖湿地冬季鸟类的区系组成进行调研,调查期间共记录到鸟类56种,隶属11目28科。冬季鸟类组成中,留鸟31种,冬候鸟19种,旅鸟6种。古北界鸟类24种,东洋界鸟类20种,其余12种为广布型,鸟类的区系组成兼有古北界和东洋界过渡的特点。鸟类群落多样性的比较分析显示,湖岸生境较敞水区生境的鸟类多样性程度高。调查期间未发现大型雁鸭类。结果表明,保护区域内越冬鸟类的多样性,必须权衡满足当地居民对淡水资源的合理需求与尽可能多地保护生物多样性这两者之间的关系。     

IUCN Red List of freshwater fishes and lampreys in Flanders (north Belgium)

Red Lists are used to assess the extinction risk of species. Regional IUCN criteria were applied to categorise 42 indigenous freshwater fish species in Flanders into Red List categories. As such, three species are assessed as Regionally Extinct, eight as Critically Endangered, two as Endangered and eight as Vulnerable. A further five species are considered Near Threatened, 15 species as Least Concern and one species is Data Deficient. Five species disappeared from the Regionally Extinct category compared with the previous Red List (1988) as a consequence of improved water quality of estuaries and reintroduction programmes. In total, 62% of the freshwater fish species in Flanders was considered extinct or threatened. This is higher than neighbouring regions and Europe as a whole (44%). This new Red List of freshwater fishes in Flanders can be used to inform conservation actions.     

Comparison of commercial and locally developed layers’ performance and egg size prediction using regression tree method

The aim of this study is to compare the hen-day egg production (HDEP) (%), egg size (ES) (g), feed intake (FI) (g), bodyweight (BWT) (kg), body weight gain (BWTG) (g), feed conversion ratio (FCR), feed utilization (FU), and mortality of imported and local commercial egg layers from one to 20 wk of lay, as well as to predict their egg sizes. Two-thousand-six-hundred Hy-line Silver Brown commercial layers (imported) and 2,470 Boschveld indigenous commercial layers (local) were reared from d old to 44 wk of age and fed the same diet throughout. ANOVA was used to test their effects due to the strains, and the CHAID algorithm of regression tree method was used to predict the ES. The local strain came into lay first at wk 20, while the imported came into lay at 21 wk of age. The imported layers performed better in ES, FI, HDEP, BWTG, and FCR (P < 0.05) throughout the laying period, while the local layers were better (P < 0.05) in BWT with higher mortality than the imported. Also, the imported layers performed better in FU (P < 0.05) at wk 4, 8, and 24. Among the imported, the highest ES (58.116 g) was obtained from chickens with HDEP of 13.266 < HDEP < 20.35 and FI of 137.95 < FI< 138.176, while in the local layers, the highest ES (54.802 g) was obtained from chickens with HDEP of 37.876 < HDEP < 47.802.     

Dispersal of invasive Phytolacca americana seeds by birds in an urban garden in China

Although seed dispersal is a key process determining the regeneration and spread of invasive plant populations, few studies have explicitly addressed the link between dispersal vector behavior and seedling recruitment to gain insight into the invasion process within an urban garden context. We evaluated the role of bird vectors in the dispersal of pokeweed (Phytolacca americana), a North American herb that is invasive in urban gardens in China. Fruiting P. americana attracted both generalist and specialist bird species that fed on and dispersed its seeds. The generalist species Pycnonotus sinensis and Urocissa erythrorhyncha were the most frequent dispersers. Seedling numbers of P. americana were strongly associated with the perching behavior of frugivorous birds. If newly recruited bird species use seedling‐safe perching sites, the P. americana will regenerate faster, which would enhance its invasive potential. Based on our observations, we conclude that the 2 main bird vectors, P. sinensis and U. erythrorhyncha, provide potential effective dispersal agents for P. americana. Our results highlight the role of native birds in seed dispersal of invasive plants in urban gardens.     

城市化对杭州市繁殖鸟类物种多样性与功能多样性格局的影响

2007年3月至2007年8月,在杭州地区的城区、城乡结合区、农田区、农林交错区和自然林区等不同城市化程度的栖息地内各设置了90条100 m×3000 m调查样线,采用样线法对鸟类种类及其数量进行调查,采用实地调查与查阅文献相结合的方法确定每种鸟类的营巢类型和功能团,采用Shannon-Wiener指数计算鸟类群落的物种多样性和功能多样性.同时,对栖息地的人为干扰、植被盖度、人工设施指数等3项参数进行测定,并以此计算出各样线的城市化综合指数.调查结果显示,研究区内共记录有繁殖鸟类96种,分属于林冠枝干营巢功能团、灌草丛营巢功能团、林冠枝干/灌草丛营巢功能团、自然洞穴营巢功能团、人工建筑营巢功能团、自然洞穴/人工建筑营巢功能团、地面营巢功能团、水面营巢功能团和寄生功能团等9种功能团.对鸟类群落的物种数、物种多样性、功能团丰富度、功能多样性与城市化综合指数进行回归分析发现,城市化对鸟类群落的物种数、物种多样性、功能团丰富度和功能多样性均有着极显著性的影响,并且随着城市化程度的提高这些参数值均明显下降.不过,物种数和物种多样性与功能团丰富度和功能多样性间的下降模式存在明显差异.其中,物种数和物种多样性基本旱线性下降模式,即随着城市化程度的提高,物种丰富度及多样性基本为匀速下降;而功能团丰富度和功能多样性则呈二次函数下降模式,即在城市化初期,功能团丰富度和功能多样性下降不明显,但随着城市化程度的继续提高,功能团丰富度和功能多样性呈现加速下降的趋势.可见,鸟类群落的物种多样性和功能多样性对城市化的响应存在差异.虽然适度城市化可使物种多样性下降,但对功能多样性的影响却不明显;而群落的功能多样性则对高度城市化更为敏感.进一步对鸟类群落功能多样性与物种多样性的回归分析显示,功能多样性与物种多样性亦呈二次函数曲线关系,即在低多样性水平时,功能多样性与物种多样性基本呈线性关系,但随着多样性水平的逐渐升高,功能多样性的增长速度则明显慢于物种多样性的增长速度.由此可见,当群落物种多样性达到一定水平时,物种的增加不会明显地提高群落的功能多样性.     

鸸鹋性别鉴定的分子标记方法

试验建立了平胸总目鸟类鸸鹋的快速、简单、准确的性别鉴定方法。利用非伤害性取样方法,从鸸鹋羽毛中提取了基因组DNA,经18对与性别相连锁引物组合的筛选,最终筛选出1对有效引物,对3对已知性别鸸鹋及60只未知性别鸸鹋的基因组DNA进行特异性扩增。结果表明,这对引物组合在雄性鸸鹋中未扩增出片段,而在雌性鸸鹋中扩增出1条片段,其片段长度为536bp。由此可知,这对引物组合可以对鸸鹋性别作出准确鉴定。     

西北农林科技大学校园鸟类多样性及栖息地特征

2008年5月-2009年4月对西北农林科技大学校园5种生境(阔叶林、针叶林、针阔混交林、疏林灌丛群落、草坪)的鸟类组成进行调查,共记录鸟类51种,隶属9目22科。其中,留鸟35种,夏候鸟15种,旅鸟1种。在鸟类区系类型上,古北界24种,东洋界15种,广布种12种。对不同生境鸟类多样性的分析结果表明:①阔叶林鸟类多样性指数(H=2.9632)和均匀度指数(J=0.7979)最高,草坪鸟类多样性指数(H=0.7889)和均匀度指数(J=0.3175)最低;②阔叶林和针阔混交林的相似性指数(Cs=0.7945)最高,草坪与针阔混交林的相似性(Cs=0.3182)最低。