Nitrate leaching in a silage maize field under different irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer rates

Quantification of the interactive effects of nitrogen (N) and water on nitrate (NO₃) loss provides an important insight for more effective N and water management. The goal of this study was to evaluate the effect of different irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer levels on nitrate-nitrogen (NO₃-N) leaching in a silage maize field. The experiment included four irrigation levels (0.7, 0.85, 1.0, and 1.13 of soil moisture depletion, SMD) and three N fertilization levels (0, 142, and 189 kg N ha⁻¹), with three replications. Ceramic suction cups were used to extract soil solution at 30 and 60 cm soil depths for all 36 experimental plots. Soil NO₃-N content of 0-30 and 30-60-cm layers were evaluated at planting and harvest maturity. Total N uptake (NU) by the crop was also determined. Maximum NO₃-N leaching out of the 60-cm soil layer was 8.43 kg N ha⁻¹, for the 142 kg N ha⁻¹ and over irrigation (1.13 SMD) treatment. The minimum and maximum seasonal average NO₃ concentration at the 60 cm depth was 46 and 138 mg l⁻¹, respectively. Based on our findings, it is possible to control NO₃ leaching out of the root zone during the growing season with a proper combination of irrigation and fertilizer management.     

数字化人体模型在车身逆向布置中的应用

以人体参数为依据建立的数字化人体模型能有效的描述人体的形态特性.本文在CATIA人机工程模块中,建立了人群文件,生成自定义的三维数字化人体模型。在此基础上建立了满足不同百分位需求的参数化人体模型。以某汽车为对象,根据SAE标准,综合考虑了踏板行程、汽车视野和上下肢舒适性等因素对驾驶员的影响,最终得到满足各种约束的驾驶员最佳舒适性H点区域。论文研究为针对不同地区人群特性对车型进行逆向开发和逆向布置提供了很好的参考。     

基于RGB-D相机的油菜分枝三维重构与角果识别定位

为实现高效低成本的油菜植株三维建模和表型参数在线测量,提出一种基于RGB-D相机的油菜分枝三维重建和角果识别定位方法。使用Kinect传感器拍摄角果期油菜分枝在4个视角下的彩色图像和深度图像,进而获取油菜植株的三维点云并滤波。对配准的点云进行旋转变换,计算点云的曲面法矢量和曲率,并由曲率相近的点构成配对点对,再使用基于KD-tree搜索的最近点迭代(ICP)算法实现点云的初配准。将初配准误差作为参考值,调整ICP算法的对应点距离阈值,使用初配准的操作流程对初配准得到的新点云进行再次配准,完成精配准。结合该三维重建方法和针对性的彩色图像处理方法,得到去除主茎的单分枝油菜角果的完整点云,再进行欧氏聚类实现单个角果的空间定位。实验结果表明,提出的三维重建方法具有较强的实时性和鲁棒性,单个角果的三维形态清晰可见,点云平均距离误差小于0. 48 mm,角果总体识别正确率不小于96. 76%。     

基于几何模型的绿萝叶片外部表型参数三维估测

为快速高效获取叶类植物叶片的外部表型参数、掌握植株生长状况,以绿萝叶片为研究对象,提出一种基于几何模型的叶长、叶宽与叶面积的三维估测方法。利用微软Kinect V2相机,自80cm高度垂直位姿获取绿萝叶片局部点云,并进行直通滤波去噪与包围盒精简等预处理,测量得到点云外形参数,输入预先建立的SAE网络分类预测得到几何模型参数,并基于曲面参数方程建立叶片几何模型。采用粒子群优化算法计算几何模型离散点云和局部点云间的空间距离,进行空间匹配,利用遗传算法求解最优匹配模型的内部模型参数,输出最优匹配模型的叶长、叶宽与叶面积作为估测结果。实验共采集150片绿萝叶片的局部点云数据,将估测结果和真实值进行数学统计与线性回归分析,得出叶长、叶宽与叶面积估测的平均误差分别为0.46cm、0.41cm和3.42cm2,叶长估测R2和RMSE分别为0.88和0.52cm,叶宽R2和RMSE分别为0.88和0.52cm,叶面积R2和RMSE分别为0.95和3.60cm2。实验表明,该方法对于绿萝叶片外形参数的估测效果较好,具有较高实用价值。     

某MPV车前悬架硬点灵敏度分析与优化

针对某公司前期开发的一款MPV车型的操控稳定性进行了优化。通过在ADAMS/Car中建立该车型的竞品车前麦弗逊悬架总成和转向系统模型,以悬架各硬点为试验变量,K特性关键参数为试验响应,利用ADAMS/iSight模块进行DOE试验设计。然后根据DOE试验结果得出硬点灵敏度表,并在优先考虑优先保证悬架的外倾、前束变化和抗俯仰性能的前提下,结合底盘工程师的开发方式,选取了相对独立的硬点作为优化变量,最后通过优化硬点获得了比较满意的K特性。     

折减系数在边坡中的应用

选择边坡内某些监测点的位移特征作为强度折减法的边坡破坏判据.为分析边坡滑面的位置和位移方式选取的合理性,分别对均质土坡建立数值模型,计算结果与实地调查相吻合.     

The effect of salinity on corn yield using the CERES-maize model

In most cases, when calculating soil water availability, only thewater content is considered. The effect of salinity on the wiltingpoint is neglected. The objective of this work is to use asimulation model (CERES-maize) in order to predict cornyields as a function of water salinity under severalenvironmental, agrotechnical, and plant characteristics. A modelis presented in which the wilting point is a function of the soilsalt content. At high salinity, the water content at wilting pointis higher than at low salinity, resulting in an insufficient amountof available water and, therefore, a reduced yield. The modelwas used to simulate several theoretical and experimentalsituations for forage corn and grain corn. Simulation resultsshowed that nitrogen fertilization increases the salinity thresholdvalue and the yield sensitivity (rate of yield reduction per unitof salinity). The also showed that forage corn is more sensitiveto salinity than grain corn. If the soil is not leached, a heaviersoil texture has a higher salinity threshold value. On the otherhand, if the soil is leached, the soil texture has no influence onthe salinity threshold value and the yield is less sensitive tosalinity in sandy soils. The determination coefficient (r²= 0.75) indicated that the results of the simulations were in goodagreement with the field data.     

苦竹叶片光合及水分利用率特性

为了给经营管理苦竹者提供较好的科学理论依据,作者采用LI-6400XT便携式光合测定仪,以野生苦竹林为研究对象,测定了其光合及水分利用率。结果表明:(1)苦竹净光合速率和蒸腾速率日变化均为双峰型,存在光合"午休"现象。(2)气孔导度与净光合速率呈极显著的线性关系,而且气孔导度是影响苦竹光合的主要限制因子,所以苦竹光合"午休"主要受气孔因素限制。(3)苦竹的水分利用率比较低,节水抗旱能力比较差。(4)苦竹的光补偿点为8.10μmol/(m2.s),光饱和点为1 198.66μmol/(m2.s),说明苦竹具有较强的耐阴能力,能适应较宽的光照环境。     

垂直圆盘式气吸排种器种子着地点原始误差数学模型的建立

使用气吸式播种机进行播种可大大提高作业效率,减轻劳动强度。针对目前垂直圆盘式气吸播种机在作业时存在种子着地误差较大的问题,分析其误差形成的原因与过程,建立相应的数学模型,为播种机具性能的改进提供理论依据。