淀粉聚磷酸铵阻燃复合薄片的制备及燃烧热解特性

以淀粉和聚磷酸铵为阻燃材料,以薄片为底物采用喷丝和涂载两种方法制备了烟草阻燃复合薄片,研究复合薄片的结构以及阻燃材料对薄片燃烧性能和热稳定性的影响。结果表明,与对照薄片相比,淀粉为1%,聚磷酸铵为3%时复合薄片热释放速率峰值可降低23.2%,复合薄片在热解的前期的热重损失量由56.24%下降至30%左右,而且在850℃残留炭量增加了2倍以上;进一步的热解气相产物分析也表明复合薄片燃烧后生成的大部分气相产物相对含量都得到了不同程度的降低。结论表明薄片经阻燃改性后不仅能在热解过程中形成稳定的焦炭层并延缓了薄片的进一步热解,而且在燃烧过程中了热失重温度向高温区移动,降低了绝大部分气相产物的相对含量,此项研究对于新型薄片和低危害卷烟的开发关键技术研究提供理论指导。     

基于热红外遥感影像的作物冠层温度提取

热红外影像较难直接提取作物冠层区域,因而无法获得较精准的作物冠层温度。本文以拔节期的玉米为研究对象,利用六旋翼无人机搭载热红外成像仪和大疆精灵四Pro无人机,获得热红外影像及正射影像。基于高分辨率正射影像,采用改进的Canny边缘检测算子、支持向量机(Support vector machine,SVM)和小波变换3种方法提取玉米冠层区域,将提取结果进行二值化处理后,在热红外影像中以此生成掩膜并提取玉米冠层温度。应用提取的矢量面分析提取效果并对3种提取算法的精度进行评价。实验结果表明,改进的Canny边缘检测算子提取效果最优、SVM算法次之、小波变换最差,提取精度分别为87. 3%、74. 5%、68. 2%。同时,将手持测温仪测得的玉米冠层温度与提取的冠层温度进行误差分析,结果表明,基于改进的Canny边缘检测算子提取的玉米冠层温度与地面实测值相关性最高,决定系数R~2=0. 929 5,SVM算法决定系数R~2=0. 895 7,小波变换决定系数R2=0. 876 0。改进的Canny边缘检测算子能够更好地提取玉米冠层区域,获取更加精确的玉米冠层温度,从而能够更有效地监测玉米生理状况,进行旱情预测,制定合理的灌溉、施肥措施以提高玉米产量。     

数控机床主轴热误差的测定及研究

针对数控内外圆磨床K-C33的热误差问题,进行了以下工作:(1)把机床电主轴做为分析目标,简单了解了电主轴的结构布置,熟悉了电主轴生热来源和相关解决方法,并对电主轴发热及传热进行了一定的计算,对电主轴热特性进行了一定的分析研究。(2)以实验测得的数据为基础,对实验的4个测点的温度变化进行了详细的分析,并以此来观察温度变化的原因,从而为后续工作提供相关依据。     

Thermal generalist behaviour of invasive Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici strains under current and future climate conditions

Yellow rust is a devastating wheat disease. Since 2000, Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici strains PstS1 and PstS2 have become adapted to high temperatures and have spread worldwide. By 2011, Warrior strains had invaded both warm and cold areas of Europe. This study questioned whether thermal aptitude promoted the spread of Warrior strains, similar to PstS1/PstS2, by comparing infection efficiency (IE) at five temperatures and latent period (LP) under warm and cold regimes for Warrior isolates and pre‐2011 reference strains on two susceptible wheat varieties. The Warrior isolates showed a range of IE and LP responses to temperature that was intermediate between the northern reference isolates adapted to cold conditions and both the southern and invasive PstS2 isolates adapted to warm conditions. Warrior isolates had the highest IE under optimal temperatures of 10 and 15 °C, and displayed reduced infectivity under the warmest (20 °C) and coldest (5 °C) temperatures. Warrior strains acted as thermal generalists and the reference isolates acted as specialists. An IE thermal response was used to simulate the development of each isolate under future climate scenarios in a temperate and Mediterranean region. Isolates had the same ranking for yearly IE over the three 30‐year periods (1971–2000, 2021–2050, 2071–2100) and both locations, with a slight infection increase in the future. However, in the future IEs increased in earlier months. The thermal generalist profile of Warrior isolates for IE was confirmed, with an intermediate capacity to tolerate warming climate, whereas the southern isolates are better adapted to warm conditions, but do not have the virulences necessary to develop on current varieties.     

植物工厂水蓄能型地下水源热泵供热系统节能运行特性研究

植物工厂供热系统中,采用传统能源存在一次能源利用率低且污染严重的问题。地下水源热泵节能环保,如果结合蓄能技术可进一步降低运行能耗。该文以上海崇明自然光植物工厂为例,对水蓄能型地下水源热泵供能系统进行节能运行特性研究。结果表明:水蓄能型地下水源热泵供能系统在冬季运行时,采用基于分时电价政策的间歇运行模式,即在电价低谷时,热泵机组边供热边蓄热;在电价高峰期,充分利用蓄热水箱供热。典型周内供能系统按照间歇模式运行可以维持室内温度17~26℃之间,系统稳定运行时,热泵机组制热功率与耗电功率的比值(coefficient of performance,COP)稳定在4.2左右。其中计算典型日水蓄能型地下水源热泵系统比不蓄能系统节省30.34%的费用,供能系统COP为3.17,进一步说明系统较为高效平稳。系统冬季运行一次能源利用系数0.99,相对于冷水机组与燃煤锅炉配套系统,节能率达到81.05%。计算不同能源冬季加热成本,燃煤、燃气和燃油方式分别是该系统运行成本的1.25、2.93和5.08倍。实践表明,水蓄能型地下水源热泵式供热系统不仅能够移峰填谷,降低运行费用,而且充分合理地利用地热能,节能减排,具有良好的经济和环保效益。     

基于水量恒定的渠道前馈控制时间分析

为了研究渠道运行控制中渠系建筑物的前馈控制时间,综合考虑上游调控及分水口调控对下游水量的影响,采用水量恒定方法,构建了渠道前馈控制时间计算模型,并将模型应用于山西省夹马口灌区.结果表明:模型所采用的流量拟合方程及参数对流量的拟合精度较高,能够有效表达下游流量在渠道调控下的变化情况,当采用该模型计算的调控时间进行控制时,可以基本保证流向下游的总水量恒定,水量偏差为0.8 m³.利用模型进一步分析了不同流量下的调控时间,发现随着流量的增大,分水口最优调控时间逐渐减小,在此基础上得到了流量-前馈控制时间、水深-前馈控制时间的线性拟合公式,为夹马口灌区渠道运行控制提供了参考.     

作物温度及其监测技术研究进展

作物温度是作物与周围环境进行能量交换的结果,作物温度的变化是有效监测作物生长状态的观测指标,红外热成像技术能够将物体红外热辐射转化为物体表面温度图。综述了影响作物温度变化的因素,包括品种特性、生育时期、不同器官、光照、温度、水分、CO2浓度、湿度、风速、种植密度、施肥等,阐述了作物植株温度监测技术在作物生长状态监测上的应用,总结了红外热成像技术在作物监测领域存在的问题,并对未来进一步研究进行了展望,以期为开展作物温度及作物热红外监测研究提供参考。     

Would behavioral thermoregulation enable pregnant viviparous tropical lizards to cope with a warmer world?

Sceloporus lizards depend on external heat to achieve their preferred temperature (T_sel) for performing physiological processes. Evidence both in the field and laboratory indicates that pregnant females of this Genus select body temperatures (T_b) lower than 34 °C as higher temperatures may be lethal to embryos. Therefore, thermoregulation is crucial for successful embryo development. Given the increase in global air temperature, it is expected that the first compensatory response of species that inhabit tropical climates will be behavioral thermoregulation. We tested whether viviparous Sceloporus formosus group lizards in the wild exhibited differences in thermoregulatory behavior to achieve the known T_sel for developing embryos regardless of local thermal conditions. We quantified field active body temperature, thermoregulatory behavior mechanisms (time of sighting, microhabitat used and basking time) and available microhabitat thermal conditions (i.e. operative temperature) for 10 lizard species during gestation, distributed along an altitudinal gradient. We applied both conventional and phylogenic analyses to explore whether T_b or behavioral thermoregulation could be regulated in response to different thermal conditions. These species showed no significant differences in field T_b during gestation regardless of local thermal conditions. In contrast, they exhibited significant differences in their behavioral thermoregulation associated with local environmental conditions. Based on these observations, the differences in thermoregulatory behavior identified are interpreted as compensatory adjustments to local thermal conditions. We conclude that these species may deal with higher temperatures predicted for the tropics by modulating their thermoregulatory behavior.     

Controlling Rumex obtusifolius by means of hot water

Hot‐water treatment of broad‐leaved dock (Rumex obtusifolius) was developed as an alternative to manual digging out in organic farming. During treatment, the top region of the root was heated so that the plants would die back. The aim of this study was to validate the efficacy of the hot‐water treatment of dock roots. The trials were carried out with a commercially available hot‐water high‐pressure cleaner and a rotating nozzle for water application. The target plant control rate assessed 12 weeks after treatment was set at >80%. The appraisal covered 1330 treated plants of varying size from four sites with three different soil texture classes. Parameters which influenced the control rate were water temperature, amount of water, soil moisture and soil texture. Additional parameters recorded were the amount of fuel oil consumption and working time requirements. A reassessment of the plants 1 year after treatment yielded information concerning the ground cover, the possible germination of new dock plants from buried seeds and the soil structure of the site treated. In order to achieve the target control rate of >80%, it is recommended that the temperature of the water leaving the equipment should exceed 80°C. The amount of water required depends on root size and soil moisture. On average, 131 plants per hour can be treated with no negative effects on regrowth or soil structure. Hot‐water treatment is the first functional control alternative to manual digging out R. obtusifolius for organic farming.