油菜秸秆灰分混凝土保温性能试验

选取砂率、水灰比及油菜秸秆灰分掺量为变量,在保障秸秆灰分混凝土设计强度为C20的条件下,采用稳态平板导热仪测试秸秆灰分混凝土试件的导热系数。结果表明:油菜秸秆灰分混凝土的导热系数与秸秆灰分掺量呈负相关关系,掺入油菜秸秆灰分后,导热系数比不掺秸秆灰分的混凝土试件的降低6.8%~21.0%,秸秆灰分的掺量越多,保温性能越好。当水灰比为0.52、秸秆灰分掺量为5%、砂率为30%时,油菜秸杆灰分混凝土抗压强度达22.8 MPa,并具有良好的保温隔热性能。     

Effect of thermal pretreatment on germination of seeds from different provenances of subalpine oriental spruce (Picea orientalis (L.) Link.) forest in Turkey

We examined the effect of thermal treatment at two temperatures (60 s of 90°C dry heat and 60 min in 40°C hot water) versus control conditions on the germination of oriental spruce (Picea orientalis (L.) Link.) seeds originating from different subalpine provenances. Cutting test results showed that there was wide variation (between 10% and 90%) in filled seed rates. The results revealed that highest germination yield was attained via the hot water treatment. The maximum germination percentages were observed in seeds from “tree 3” in the first tree collective of provenances 1 (85.33 ± 5.77 control; 88.67 ± 7.02 via the hot water treatment; 82.00 ± 10.58 via the dry heat treatment) and 3 (70.67 ± 17.24 control; 88.00 ± 4.00 via the hot water treatment; 86.67 ± 11.37 via the dry heat treatment). The mean germination percentages were significantly different (p-value < .05): percentage values were 32.57% in provenance 1, 23.22% in provenance 3, 12.25% in provenance 4, and 2.82% in provenance 2. Mean germination time of seeds from different provenances and experiencing various pretreatments showed significant variation. The best pretreatment increase in germination rates was achieved via the wet heat method (60 min in 40°C hot water).     

发酵秸秆碎料内乙醇平面热源法提取及其设备设计

为降低固态发酵后秸秆碎料料内乙醇提取能耗,用平面热源进行乙醇提取并设计相应设备,进行初步计算。基于热重试验,研究了固态发酵后的甜高粱秆粉碎料中乙醇的蒸馏规律。考虑料含湿量、湿分乙醇体积分数、加热温度对料中湿分质量变化速率的影响,得出在研究范围内(含湿量10%~90%,湿分乙醇体积分数3%~11%,加热温度20~100℃)料中湿分质量变化速率与乙醇体积分数关系不大,随料含湿量呈线性关系,随加热温度呈幂函数关系,并得出回归模型。基于乙醇挥发数据,得出乙醇挥发数学模型。基于以上两模型,推导出平面热源提取乙醇的乙醇提取率方程,根据加热温度、料含湿量和湿分乙醇体积分数,便可计算任意时刻的乙醇提取率。建立成本模型并进行成本分析发现,该提取方法成本显著低于原有蒸汽提醇法。最后设计了一套采用平面热源连续提取发酵料内乙醇的生产装置,给出其设计计算式,进行了初步设计,得到一套示例性质的工业级设备方案。     

基于累积热量单位的甜瓜幼苗生长和形态模拟模型

为了明确甜瓜(Cucumis melo var.reticulatus Naud.)种苗生长与形态建成对环境温度的要求,研究了甜瓜种苗生长、形态与累积热量单位之间的关系,构建了基于累积热量单位驱动的甜瓜幼苗形态和干物质积累模拟模型。结果表明幼苗生长至三叶一心期过程中,株高、茎粗与累积热量单位呈线性相关关系,子叶和真叶的长、宽、面积均与累积热量单位呈logistic曲线关系,干物质积累随累积热量单位增加呈指数增长。用独立的实验数据对模型进行检验的结果表明,模拟值与观测值的线性回归系数均接近1(R20.98),表明模型的预测性较好。     

圆锥形顶太阳能蓄热水箱锥顶结构及运行参数优化

为获得顶部为圆锥形结构的太阳能蓄热水箱最优锥顶结构及运行参数,对水箱在有内置隔板情况下的10种锥顶结构进行了数值设计,结果表明:在给定流动参数条件下,锥顶角在173.1°~118.1°间变化对水箱内热分层影响效果相当,高温热水区域范围略有增大;对于锥顶高度为0.09 m、锥顶角为159.6°的最佳结构水箱,水箱出口附近高温热水区域范围随冷水入口流速增大逐渐缩小、随热水入口温度提高而增大,但提高热水入口温度对于高温热水区域范围的增大程度在较高冷水入口流速时要小于较低冷水入口流速时的情况;在其他流体参数不变的情况下,冷热水出口温差随冷水入口流速增大呈上升趋势,但当冷水入口流速增大到一定值时其对增大冷热水出口温差的贡献趋于平缓;在冷水入口流速较小时提高热水入口温度对于增大冷热水出口温差的贡献要略大于冷水入口流速较大时的情况。热水入口温度为333 K、冷水入口温度为303 K、热水入口流速为0.05 m/s、冷水入口流速为0.9 m/s组合而成的工况以及热水入口温度为343 K、冷水入口温度为303 K、热水入口流速为0.05 m/s、冷水入口流速为0.9 m/s组合而成的工况适合于"小流量大温差"的热用户运行模式;热水入口温度为333 K、冷水入口温度为303 K、热水入口流速为0.05 m/s、冷水入口流速为0.1 m/s组合而成的工况以及热水入口温度为343 K、冷水入口温度为303 K、热水入口流速为0.05 m/s、冷水入口流速为0.1 m/s组合而成的工况适合于热用户对热水供应量需求较大的情况。     

Development and initial validation of a sensory threshold examination protocol (STEP) for phenotyping canine pain syndromes

Objective

To study the feasibility and test–retest repeatability of a sensory threshold examination protocol (STEP) and report the quantitative sensory threshold distributions in healthy dogs.

Sedative and antinociceptive effects of different combinations of detomidine and methadone in standing horses

Objective

To evaluate intravenous (IV) detomidine with methadone in horses to identify a combination which provides sedation and antinociception without adverse effects.

Evaluation on Air Environment of a Large Tower Type Cowshed for Dairy Cattle in Northern China

In this study, the air environment quality indicators of a large tower type cowshed for dairy cattle in North China were monitored and evaluated at all seasons of one year, including the indicators of thermal environment, the content of ammonia (NH₃), carbon dioxide (CO₂), microbe and the dust in the air. The objective was to study the change rules of the mentioned indicators, to evaluate whether this type of cowshed could meet the production requirements, and to provide theoretical basis for the design and daily management of the cowshed in the Northern region of China. The results showed that all the indicators mentioned above varied with seasons and time to some extent. The wind speed inside was below the standard of dairy cattle cowshed in summer, and the temperature in 14∶00 of summer was above 27 ℃, and THI was beyond 69, so the dairy cattle suffered slight heat stress in summer. The other air environment quality indicators monitored in any time and any space all met the standard. In conclusion, the tower type cowshed monitored was suitable for dairy cattle in North China, but some facilities should be added to decrease the temperature and the heat stress in summer.     

北方地区大型钟楼式奶牛舍空气环境的评价

试验对北方地区某大型钟楼式奶牛舍一年内不同季节舍内、外的空气环境指标,包括温热环境指标、CO₂和NH₃含量、空气中的粉尘和微生物含量进行测定,旨在了解其变化规律,评价其是否满足奶牛健康生产的要求,以便为北方地区奶牛舍的设计和日常管理提供理论依据。结果表明,所测指标随季节或时间均呈现出一定的变化规律;所监测奶牛舍夏季舍内风速低于标准,中午（14∶00）舍内温度超过27 ℃,温湿指数（THI）>69,奶牛在夏季产生轻度的热应激;除此以外,在不同时间、不同位点监测的其他各项空气环境指标均符合奶牛的饲养标准。综合测定结果,试验所监测的钟楼式奶牛舍较适合北方地区的奶牛养殖,但建议增加防暑降温措施,以减少奶牛在夏季产生的热应激。     

豆腐凝胶成型机理研究进展

豆腐凝胶形成过程是豆腐加工关键环节。其形成机制目前普遍认为是大豆贮藏蛋白(包括大豆球蛋白和β-伴大豆球蛋白)在加热条件下分子内部疏水集团暴露,聚集形成大豆蛋白聚集体;聚集体在盐离子、氢质子或酶等凝固剂作用下,形成致密、有序和稳定三维蛋白网络结构,呈宏观豆腐凝胶。豆腐凝胶形成受多种因素影响。本文综述大豆蛋白组成、豆浆热处理工艺和凝固剂使用等因素对豆腐品质和凝胶形成机理影响,旨在为豆腐凝胶成型理论探讨、加工工艺参数选择和新产品开发提供新思路。