竖向荷载差作用下多层砌体房屋顶层裂缝行为研究

构建了能够反映实际情况的U型砌体结构实体研究模型,实时测定并分析了U型砌体结构实体模型在竖向荷载差作用下纵横墙(即非承重与承重墙)的变形,以及裂缝的产生和发展行为．结果表明,纵横墙变形大小随荷载增加而增大,并且当荷载增加至一定值时,纵横墙相交部位将出现变形骤增,反映出竖向荷载差的累积作用效应,同时伴有裂缝的产生和扩展．对于多层砌体结构房屋而言,竖向荷载差是除温度差等因素外导致项层裂缝产生和发展的又一重要影响因素．还首次建立了U型多层砌体结构足尺模型在竖向荷载差作用下的最大剪应力计算分析模型和计算方法,为《砌体结构设计规范》的进一步完善和扩展提供了有价值的理论参考．     

土壤类型对凉山烤烟品质的影响

以云烟87为材料,在盐源烟区选取5种不同类型土壤进行烤烟大田栽培,研究了四川凉山土壤类型对烤烟主要化学成分、中性致香物质及内在质量的影响。结果表明,参试土壤钙、镁含量较丰富,明显缺氯;紫色土、红壤、黄壤、沉积土等明显缺钾和氮;水稻土和沉积土缺磷。不同土壤烤后烟叶化学成分有差异,水稻土和紫色土上烤后烟叶烟碱、总氮含量较高,糖含量较低,基本符合优质烟叶质量标准;红壤、紫色土和黄壤上烤后烟叶钾含量相对较高,接近优质烟叶钾含量;沉积土、水稻土和红壤上烤后烟叶氯含量较高,接近优质烟叶氯含量。不同土壤烤后烟叶致香物质含量差异较大,黄壤和红壤上烤后烟叶苯丙氨酸类降解产物含量较高;黄壤、红壤和水稻土上烤后烟叶类西柏烷类产物含量较高;水稻土、紫色土和红壤上烤后烟叶质体色素降解产物含量及致香成分总量较高。不同土壤烤后烟叶内在质量存在一定的差异,由高到低对应的植烟土壤依次为:紫色土、红壤、黄壤、沉积土、水稻土。     

Satellite remote sensing for forest inventory—experiences in the nordic countries

Satellite data were used in developing methods for forest inventory and mapping in a cooperation project involving Finland, Norway and Sweden. A goal was to improve the technical competence in forestry remote sensing in those countries. Landsat TM‐ and simulated SPOT‐imageries were classified using, e.g., filtered input data and contextual classifiers. The relative area distribution of usual forest classes was estimated at an acceptable accuracy. A two‐phase sampling scheme was introduced for compartmentwise (in‐place) inventories. The first phase involves analysis of satellite data, the second phase measurement of field plots. Correlations between satellite‐ and field‐measured values of various forest characteristics were relatively high, close to those obtained using aerial photo interpretation.     

确定137Cs背景值所需的采样点数与采样面积

137Cs背景值的确定是利用核示踪技术研究土壤侵蚀的前提和根本,直接关系到侵蚀速率计算的准确与否。而大部分研究对137Cs背景值的确定均采取随机采样,没有统一的采样点数与确定的采样面积。本研究利用网格加密采样法,对未扰动地和长期耕种且未平整的农耕地各两块样地的137Cs背景值空间变异进行了分析,结果表明：在未扰动地与农耕地采样地块,137Cs采样点数与背景值空间变异系数都存在指数回归关系;在未扰动地块137Cs背景值存在较大空间变异性,且随着网格面积的扩大137Cs空间变异系数表现为增加趋势,在0.25m2范围内选取最少11个样点才能满足试验精度;在农耕地采样地块,因长期的耕种作用使得137Cs在耕层中混合相对均匀,137Cs背景值空间变异性显著变小,最少选取7个样点就能满足试验精度,且不受采样面积的影响。     

Effect of pancreas disease caused by SAV 2 on protein and fat digestion in Atlantic salmon

Salmonid alphavirus (SAV) causes pancreas disease (PD) in farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.), and exocrine pancreas tissue is a primary target of the virus. Digestive enzymes secreted by the exocrine pancreas break down macromolecules in feed into smaller molecules that can be absorbed. The effect of SAV infection on digestion has been poorly studied. In this study, longitudinal observations of PD outbreaks caused by SAV subtype 2 (SAV2) in Atlantic salmon at two commercial sea sites were performed. The development of PD was assessed by measurement of SAV2 RNA load and evaluation of histopathological lesions typical of PD. Reduced digestion of both protein and fat co‐varied with the severity of PD lesions and viral load. Also, the study found that during a PD outbreak, the pen population comprise several subpopulations, with different likelihoods of being sampled. The body length of sampled fish deviated from the expected increase or steady state over time, and the infection status in sampled fish deviated from the expected course of infection in the population. Both conditions indicate that disease status of the individual fish influenced the likelihood of being sampled, which may cause sampling bias in population studies.     

被动式吸收采样分光光度法测定环境空气中二氧化氮分析方法研究

对被动式吸收采集环境空气中NO2进行了研究,应用分光光度法测定了3种不同浓度标准溶液的相对标准偏差范围是1.80%~6.14%,2个实际样品的相对标准偏差分别为15.1%、13.8%,实际样品的加标回收率分别为103.9%、96.0%,该方法操作简便,适合广泛推广。     

A method to generate soilscapes from soil maps

Digital soil mapping for large areas is challenging if mapping resolution should be as high as possible and sampling should be as sparse as possible. Generally, the more complex the soil associations in a landscape, the more samples are required to systematically cover the entire feature space. Moreover, regions should be modeled separately if the patterns of spatial variation vary on subregion level. A systematic segmentation of a landscape into soilscapes is additionally important for a feasible application of soil‐sensing approaches. In this paper, we introduce a semiautomated approach to segment nominal spatial datasets based on the local spatial frequency distribution of the mapping units. The aim is to provide homogeneous and nonfragmented segments with smoothed boundaries. The methodological framework for the segmentation comprises different spatial and nonspatial techniques and focuses mainly on a moving‐window analysis of the local frequency distribution and a k‐means cluster analysis. Based on an existing soil map (1:50,000), we derived six segments for the Nidda catchment (Central Hesse, Germany), comprising 1600 km². As segmentation is based on a soil map, soilscapes are derived. In terms of the feature space, these soilscapes show a higher homogeneity compared to the entire landscape. Advantages compared to an existing map of landscape units are discussed. Segmenting a landscape as introduced in this study might also be of importance for other disciplines and can be used as a first step in biodiversity analysis or setting up environmental‐monitoring sites.     

In search of a variance estimator for systematic sampling

Seven variance estimators to be used under systematic sampling are evaluated in a simulation study with 270 artificial spatial populations with different levels and structure of autocorrelation. In settings without an auxiliary variable a proposed new spatial resampling estimator RHO is recommended. In setting with an auxiliary variable, an estimator based on post-stratification (PST), and one with a correction for spatial autocorrelation (DOR), generated estimates with less bias than the SRS estimator in the majority of studied settings. Only in populations with either a near zero autocorrelation at the interval of sampling, or a very strong correlation between the target and the auxiliary variable did the otherwise conservative SRS estimator perform as well as the alternatives.     

割离井公式反求水文地质参数的流量-时间配线法

通过分析初始水位呈水平及抽水过程中井内定水位且上部和下部无流量补给时,均质含水层中割离井渗流模型的井的出水量公式,引进仅与相对井径有关的井流函数,对出水量公式两边取对数,将流量—时间配线法引入割离井法中反求水文地质参数;其步骤与常用泰斯流量—时间配线法的步骤相似;最后用实例验证了该方法的可行性。     

离心泵用作液力透平叶轮出口滑移系数的计算方法

为了通过理论的方法预测液力透平的性能,并针对国内外对液力透平滑移系数计算公式研究的空白,借助于离心泵滑移系数计算公式的研究方法和相关理论,结合流体力学中的相关原理研究液力透平叶轮流道中流体的流动形式,推导叶轮出口的滑移系数计算公式以及在考虑叶轮进出口滑移时液力透平的基本能量方程,最后选取模型对滑移系数计算公式进行验证,并与已有试验值进行比较分析。研究结果发现:随着比转数的增加,液力透平叶轮出口的滑移量逐渐减小,且对于大部分低比转数液力透平叶轮进口的滑移量小于叶轮出口的滑移量,而对于中、高比转数的液力透平叶轮进口的滑移量大于叶轮出口的滑移量。叶轮出口滑移量随着叶轮进口直径和出口安放角的增加而增大;随着叶片数的增加而减小;随着进口安放角的增加先增大后减小;而叶轮出口直径和叶轮进口宽度对液力透平叶轮出口滑移系数的影响较小,在研究液力透平叶轮出口滑移时可不考虑二者对液力透平叶轮出口滑移系数的影响。研究结果为采用理论的方法预测液力透平的性能提供参考。