Susceptibility of Iberian trees to Phytophthora ramorum and P. cinnamomi

The capacity of Phytophthora ramorum to colonize the inner bark of 18 native and two exotic tree species from the Iberian Peninsula was tested. Living logs were wound-inoculated in a growth chamber with three isolates belonging to the EU1 and two to the NA1 clonal lineages of P. ramorum . Most of the Quercus species ranked as highly susceptible in experiments carried out in summer, with mean lesion areas over 100 cm² in Q. pubescens , Q. pyrenaica , Q. faginea and Q. suber and as large as 273 cm² in Q. canariensis , ca . 40 days after inoculation. Quercus ilex ranked as moderately susceptible to P. ramorum , forming lesions up to 133 cm² (average 17·2 cm²). Pinus halepensis and P. pinea were highly susceptible, exhibiting long, narrow lesions; but three other pine species, P. pinaster , P. nigra and P. sylvestris , were resistant to slightly susceptible. No significant difference in aggressiveness was found between the isolates of P. ramorum . In addition, there was evidence of genetic variation in susceptibility within host populations, and of significant seasonal variation in host susceptibility in some Quercus species. The results suggest a high risk of some Iberian oaks to P. ramorum , especially in forest ecosystems in southwestern Spain, where relict populations of Q. canariensis grow amongst susceptible understory species such as Rhododendron ponticum and Viburnum tinus . One isolate of P. cinnamomi used as positive control in all the inoculations was also highly aggressive to Iberian oaks and Eucalyptus dalrympleana .     

Infection of horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum) by Pseudomonas syringae pv. aesculi and its detection by quantitative real-time PCR

Pseudomonas syringae pv. aesculi is a pathogenic bacterium causing bleeding canker disease of horse chestnut ( Aesculus hippocastanum ). This is a serious disease which has been affecting horse chestnut in several European countries over the last five years; however, very little is known about the biology of the causal agent. One of the obstacles to studying this pathogen is the lengthy procedure associated with confirming its presence on the host. In this study, P. syringae pv. aesculi was isolated from lesions on different parts of horse chestnut and its pathogenicity confirmed on horse chestnut saplings using two inoculation techniques. Real-time PCR primers were developed based on gyrase B gene sequence data for the specific detection of P. syringae pv. aesculi . Primer specificity was tested on isolates of the target pathogen as well as on a broad range of related non-target bacteria and other bacterial spp. which inhabit horse chestnut. The real-time primers reliably amplified P. syringae pv. aesculi down to 1 pg of extracted DNA, with and without the presence of host DNA, and also amplified unextracted DNA in whole cells of the bacterium down to at least 160 colony forming units. Detection and quantification of the target pathogen in phloem and xylem of both naturally infected and inoculated horse chestnut tissues was also demonstrated. This quantitative real-time PCR assay provides the facility to study several important aspects of the biology of P. syringae pv. aesculi on horse chestnut including its potential for dissemination in different substrates.     

Harpinpsta from Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci Is Defective and Deficient in Its Expression and HR-inducing Activity

To elucidate the role of harpins produced by Pseudomonas syringae, the corresponding hrpZ gene was isolated from P. s. pv. tabaci. The sequence information revealed that this gene carries a serious mutation with 326 bp lacking in the central region and potentially encodes only 140 N-terminal amino acids because of a frame shift. The investigation of biological properties using recombinant harpin indicated harpin_psta was incapable of inducing HR in both host and nonhost plants. Based on an immunoblot analysis to detect harpin from P. s. pathovars in hrp-inducing medium, the truncated harpin_psta was neither expressed nor secreted into the culture medium. These results suggest that harpin is not the sole determinant of the host-parasite specificity in P. s. pv. tabaci. Received 10 August 2000/ Accepted in revised form 21 December 2000     

云南烟草野火病菌菌系分化研究*

 研究采用24个采自云南省各大烟区的烟草野火病菌对24个普通烟草品种及2种野生品种长花烟和黄花烟进行致病性接种试验。根据这26个烟草品种对烟草野火病菌株的抗性反应，将接种后形成病斑的直径进行聚类分析，筛选了一套烟草野火病生理小种的鉴别寄主。并以此为依据将24个病原菌株划分为两个生理小种，即0号和1 号,为抗病育种工作提供了依据。     

四川省丁香假单胞猕猴桃致病变种的遗传多样性分析

为明确四川省猕猴桃溃疡病菌丁香假单胞菌猕猴桃致病变种(Pseudomonas syringae pv.actinidiae,Psa)的遗传多样性及群组划分与地理来源的相关性。以四川省不同地理来源的40个Psa菌株为研究试材,用rep-PCR技术进行分子标记,NTSYS软件分析UPGMA聚类。3对rep-PCR检测引物(REP、ERIC和BOX)共获得42个位点,其中38个为多态位点,占90.5%。UPGMA聚类结果显示,以相似系数为0.70阀值时,40个Psa菌株被分为2个类群(Ⅰ、Ⅱ),其中85.0%的菌株属于第Ⅱ类群;在相似性系数为0.80时,第Ⅰ类又可分为2个亚类(Ⅰ-1、Ⅰ-2),第Ⅱ类则分为5个亚类(Ⅱ-1、Ⅱ-2、Ⅱ-3、Ⅱ-4、Ⅱ-5),菌株无明显的采集地聚类。以上结果表明,四川省各地区的猕猴桃溃疡病菌菌株具有较高的遗传多样性,但其遗传变异与菌株地理来源无明显相关性。     

新疆加工型辣椒细菌性斑点病的发生和病原鉴定

 新疆加工型辣椒主要产区巴音郭楞蒙古自治州发生了一种严重危害辣椒的细菌性病害。从发病辣椒叶片中分离细菌,通过烟草过敏性反应、马铃薯软腐试验和接种辣椒等致病性测定,确定了13个致病菌株,各菌株之间致病力无明显差异。通过菌体形态、培养性状观察、生理生化反应、寄主范围测定,结合16S rDNA和rpoD基因扩增、序列测定和系统发育分析,将病原菌鉴定为丁香假单胞菌丁香致病变种(Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae)。病原菌人工接种还能侵染番茄、茄子、马铃薯及黄瓜、四季豆、白菜、萝卜、芹菜等植物。P. syringae pv. syringae引起加工型辣椒细菌性斑点病在国内属首次报道。     

Impact of kiwifruit bacterial canker on productivity of cv. Hayward kiwifruit using observational data and multivariable analysis

A virulent strain of Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae biovar 3 (Psa), which causes bacterial canker in kiwifruit, was first recorded in New Zealand in November 2010. This strain has severely affected Actinidia chinensis var. chinensis ‘Hort16A’ kiwifruit productivity but its effect on green Actinidia chinensis var. deliciosa ‘Hayward’ kiwifruit productivity has been variable. An observational study design was used to develop explanatory models to quantify the impacts of Psa infection on productivity (tray equivalents per hectare) of Hayward kiwifruit harvested in 2012, using data captured by industry from 2599 orchards. A total of 934 orchards were Psa positive at the end of the study period. Multivariable linear regression was used to model 2012 productivity in the presence of Psa, while controlling for regional differences, elevation, 2011 productivity, harvest dates and application of agrichemicals. The model showed productivity was initially higher in the presence of Psa, and was not reduced until after 1 year of infection. The relationship between protective spray use and productivity was also quantified. It is likely that improved disease management has offset the impact of the disease and future research should consider a reassessment of the effects of disease after longer term exposure to Psa in New Zealand. The use of an observational cohort study to assess disease impacts using multivariable analysis could have wider application in the field of plant epidemiology.     

番茄细菌性斑点病菌实时荧光定量PCR检测方法的建立及应用

以番茄细菌性斑点病病原菌丁香假单胞菌番茄致病变种(Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato,Pst)的致病相关基因HrpZ为靶序列,设计了特异性引物Pst3F/Pst3R,能从Pst基因组DNA中特异性扩增出大小为161 bp的目的片段。建立的Pst实时荧光定量PCR检测技术体系的检测灵敏度比普通PCR高1 000倍。利用实时荧光定量PCR检测体系,检测模拟带菌种子中Pst的带菌量,检测下限为4.21 cfu·g^-1;检测人工接种叶片组织中Pst的带菌量,检测到1级发病叶片带菌量为4.15×102 cfu·g^-1。对田间采集的63个番茄细菌性斑点病明显症状和疑似症状样本,分别进行了实时荧光定量PCR、普通PCR和病原菌分离检测,检测到54个样本中含有Pst,3种方法检测结果一致。结果表明,建立的Pst实时荧光定量PCR检测体系具有特异性强、灵敏度高的特点,可以快速准确地定量检测番茄种子和发病组织中Pst的含量,为番茄细菌性斑点病的早期预防和流行监测提供了有效的技术手段。     

番茄细菌性斑点病病原菌鉴定

 1998~1999年在吉林省、辽宁省、黑龙江省等地的大棚番茄上发现一种番茄病害,并从其病叶、病茎杆上分离得到了23个细菌菌株。接种番茄幼苗上,发病症状与自然发病症状完全一致,并从接种病株上重新分离到此病原细菌。各菌株致病力无明显的差异。经革兰氏染色反应、菌体形态、培养性状、生理生化反应、G+C mol%等鉴定,确认该病原菌为丁香假单胞杆菌番茄致病变种(Pseudomonas syringae pv.tomato(Okabe)Young,Dye&Wilkie)。该病菌引起番茄细菌性斑点病(又称叶斑病)。病菌除侵染番茄外,尚能侵染茄子、辣椒、龙葵、白花曼陀罗和毛曼陀罗。该病害尚属我国大陆首次报道。     

丁香疫霉病菌PCR和实时荧光PCR检测

 为了快速、准确地检测丁香疫霉病菌 (Phytophthora syringae, PSY),根据GeneBank中PSY的ITS序列设计特异引物Psy1/Psy2和探针P-Psy,建立了常规PCR和实时荧光PCR检测方法。利用引物Psy1/Psy2扩增供试的26株PSY能得到585 bp的预期目标条带,但扩增其它61个非PSY供试菌株不能得到预期产物,检测灵敏度为12 pg菌丝DNA;探针P-Psy对供试26株PSY表现为阳性扩增,而对其它菌株和空白对照均表现为阴性扩增,检测灵敏度可达120 fg菌丝DNA,比常规PCR高100倍;引物Psy1/Psy2和探针P-Psy对5 g土壤中PSY卵孢子的检测灵敏度分别为20 000个和200个。样品检测试验表明两种PCR方法可用于口岸植物检疫中快速、准确和特异地检测丁香疫霉病菌。