油料储运中包装容量的最优化研究

采用概率与统计的理论,提出由"装备覆盖率"和"油料利用率"两个函数构成的指标体系作为包装容器容量选择的量化依据,给出具体计算方法,成功地解决了陆、海、空三军附属油料包装的容量最优化问题.     

Comparison of Multistix PRO dipsticks with other biochemical assays for determining urine protein (UP), urine creatinine (UC) and UP:UC ratio in dogs and cats

BACKGROUND: Urine protein: urine creatinine (UP:UC) ratio determined from the quantitative measurement of protein and creatinine in a single urine sample is the best feasible assessment of clinically significant proteinuria in dogs and cats. A dipstick that measures urine protein, urine creatinine, and UP:UC ratio has been used in human medicine and could have application for veterinary practice. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to compare the Multistix PRO dipstick (Bayer Corporation, Elkhart, IN, USA) to other biochemical methods for determination of urine protein and creatinine, and UP:UC ratio in canine and feline urine. METHODS: A complete urinalysis, including sulfosalicylic acid (SSA) precipitation, was performed on urine samples submitted to our laboratory between February and April 2003 from 100 dogs and 49 cats. Urine protein and creatinine concentrations were determined by the Multistix PRO dipstick using a Clinitek 50 analyzer (Bayer) and compared with the results of SSA precipitation and quantitative biochemical analysis. The UP:UC ratios from the dipstick results (calculated by the Clinitek 50 and also manually) were compared with those calculated from quantitative values. Pearson product-moment correlation analysis and diagnostic sensitivity and specificity (using quantitative results as the gold standard) were determined. RESULTS: For both canine and feline urine, protein and creatinine concentrations determined by the Multistix PRO correlated closely with quantitative concentrations for protein (dogs r = .78, P = .0001; cats r = .87, P = .0001) and creatinine (dogs r = .78, P = .0001; cats r = .76, P = .0001). The Multistix PRO was more sensitive and less specific than SSA precipitation for diagnosing clinically significant proteinuria. UP:UC ratios obtained by manual calculation of dipstick results correlated best with quantitative UP:UC ratios in dogs, and had higher specificity but lower sensitivity for the diagnosis of proteinuria. In cats, UP:UC ratios determined by the dipstick method did not correlate (r = -.24, P = .0974) with quantitative values. CONCLUSIONS: The Multistix PRO, with manual calculation of UP:UC, may be a good alternative for the diagnosis of clinically significant proteinuria in dogs, but not cats. Dipstick creatinine concentration should be considered as an estimate.     

药液表面张力与喷雾方法对雾滴在水稻植株上沉积的影响

 以生物染料丽春红-G为示踪剂,采用比色法分析了药液表面张力及喷雾方法对雾滴在水稻植株上沉积的影响。结果表明,分蘖期、孕穗期、扬花期水稻叶片的临界表面张力值分别为34.46、34.36和34.33 mN/m。与喷洒清水对照相比,3个水稻生育期内喷洒添加有100 mg/L TX-10的丽春红-G溶液,单株水稻上的丽春红-G沉积率均有不同程度的增加,其中,手动喷雾器压顶喷雾分别增加了80.85%、29.80%和22.61%;弥雾机喷头下倾喷雾分别增加了50.83%、18.48%和31.07%。在相同的水稻生育期,喷洒相同表面张力的药液,弥雾机喷头下倾喷雾单株水稻上的丽春红-G沉积率均显著高于弥雾机漂移喷雾和手动喷雾器压顶喷雾。在稻田喷雾中,利用表面活性剂降低药液表面张力和采用弥雾机施药有助于提高雾滴在水稻植株上的沉积率。     

江西省农业生态经济系统的能值指标分析

为了对江西省农业生态经济系统的演变趋势做出适当判断,对系统的可持续发展提出具体对策,笔者在研究江西省农业生态经济系统输入能值和产出能值的基础上,构建各种能值的结构指标,对江西省农业生态系统的结构、功能、效率和发展趋势进行分析。结果表明：购买能值投入率较高,有机能投入过多,工业辅助能值投入太少,系统处于自我维持的生产状态,具有较强的传统性和较高的保守性;净能值出产率较低,系统处于劳力密集型,集约化程度低,生产效率不高的粗放型阶段;环境负载率较大,且处于增长趋势,表明系统在能值利用技术上不断提高,同时面临的环境压力也越来越大;系统能值可持续发展指标为0.176~0.225,远小于1,系统是典型的消费型生态系统,产出的能值是消耗较多的资源获得。江西省农业系统应优化能值投入和产出结构,提高能源利用效率和生产效率,加大科技成份的投入,注重系统的协调性和整体性以及生态经营的合理性,把现代高新技术与传统农业技术的精华相结合,改变传统的粗放型经营方式,向现代科学技术型、高度集约型和高效益型转变。     

Spatio-temporal variation of environmental signals inducing seed germination in temperate conifer plantations and natural hardwood forests in northern Japan

To document the spatial and temporal variation of environmental signals inducing seed germination in temperate forests, we measured temporal patterns of environmental signals and seed germination of six pioneer tree species in unthinned and thinned stands of conifer forests (Cryptomeria japonica plantations) and in the understory and gaps of hardwood forests in Japan. We also conducted germination experiment in laboratory for the six pioneer species to test the effects of red:far-red (R:FR) light ratio and temperature fluctuations on the seed germination. In conifer forests, the photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD), the R:FR ratio, and the amplitude of temperature fluctuations in thinned stands were 2, 1.5, and 3 times higher, respectively, than those of unthinned stands. The PPFD and R:FR ratios just above forest floor also increased after the removal of thick litter accumulation. As a result, higher seed germination was observed in thinned compared to unthinned stands for three photoblastic species, whereas little differences were observed for three non-photoblastic species. These findings suggest that thinning, which frequently reduces litter accumulation, can substantially affect the regeneration of pioneer species and the resultant species diversity in conifer plantations. None of the measured environmental signals changed seasonally in unthinned stands of conifer forests, but they all changed remarkably in the understory of the hardwood forests. In this system, all signals were high and nearly identical to those in the gaps in early spring prior to canopy closure. Thus, the percent germination of the three photoblastic species was enhanced by high R:FR ratios and/or large temperature fluctuations even beneath the canopy and was nearly equal to that in the thinned conifer stands where the environmental conditions were nearly identical to those in the gaps. However, all of the environmental signals decreased with the expansion of canopy leaves and reached minimums at canopy closure. Even in the thinned stands and the gaps, the PPFD and magnitude of temperature fluctuations decreased over time due to shading by growing herbs and/or emerging canopy leaves. In these temporally changing environments, the germination of all photoblastic species ceased simultaneously. This study clearly demonstrated that the environmental signals inducing seed germination of photoblastic pioneer species spatially and temporally change in temperate forests, particularly in deciduous hardwood forests. Furthermore, these signals, PPFD, R:FR ratio, and the amplitude of temperature fluctuations, appear to play a very important role in tree regeneration and subsequent species diversity.     

Impacts of increased fire frequency and aridity on eucalypt forest structure,biomass and composition in southwest Australia

Water stress and fire disturbance can directly impact stand structure, biomass and composition by causing mortality and influencing competitive interactions among trees. However, open eucalypt forests of southwest Australia are highly resilient to fire and drought and may respond differently to increased fire frequency and aridity than forests dominated by non-eucalypt species. We measured the variation in stem density, basal area, stand biomass, sapwood area, leaf area and litterfall across 16 mixed jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata) and marri (Corymbia calophylla) forest stands along an aridity gradient in southwest Australia that had variable fire histories. Fire frequency was defined as the total number of fires over a ∼30-year period and aridity as the ratio of potential evapotranspiration to annual precipitation. Total stand biomass and sapwood area were predicted from diameter at breast height of individual jarrah and marri trees using allometric equations. Leaf area was estimated using digital cover photography. More arid and frequently burnt stands had higher stem density, especially of smaller trees, which were mainly jarrah. Overall, both standing biomass and leaf area decreased at more arid sites, while sapwood area was largely unaffected by aridity, suggesting that these stands respond to increased water limitation by decreasing their leaf area relative to their sapwood area. Biomass of marri was reduced at more arid and, to a lesser extent, at more frequently burnt stands. However, total stand biomass (jarrah and marri) and leaf area index did not vary with fire frequency, suggesting that less marri biomass (due to slower growth rates, higher mortality or less recruitment) was compensated by an increase in the density of jarrah trees (regeneration). We conclude that increased fire and drought shift tree species composition towards more fire-resistant species and result in denser stands of smaller trees. In contrast, total stand biomass declines with increasing aridity, but has no association with fire frequency.     

滨柃扦插繁殖技术试验

设计了穗条长度、生长调节剂(IBA与NAA按1:1混合)浓度、扦插基质多种处理对滨柃(Eurya emarginata)扦插穗条生根的影响试验,结果表明:不同扦插处理的穗条生根能力存在较大差异,其中以扦插基质V(泥炭):V(蛭石)=2:1,穗条长度3 cm,生长调节剂(IBA与NAA按1:1混合)浓度150、300 mg/L的处理扦插成活率最高,分别达到84.2%和83.4%.穗条长度和生长调节剂浓度对扦插成活率存在显著差异,对穗条生根数和平均根长均不存在显著性差异,穗条长度以短穗(3 cm)穗条成活率最高,达到(63.44±9.65)%;生长调节剂以浓度为150 mg/L的处理扦插成活率最高,达到(67.47±4.96)%;基质对滨柃扦插成活率、穗条生根数和平均根长不存在显著性差异.     

Analysis of accelerated fatigue test technology for wind turbines gearbox

In order to satisfy the high reliability requirements of wind turbines gearbox, a method of accelerated fatigue test is proposed to verify the fatigue reliability of the gearbox. According to the design load spectrum, the equivalent load and the number of stress cycles of parts in gearbox are deduced. Based on Miner linear cumulative damage theory, the fatigue degree of the gears and bearings are calculated. A linear accelerated load spectrum with the equivalent fatigue ratio of design load spectrum is provided to check the reliability of the gearbox. The results show that this method can verify the reliability of wind turbine gearbox within about 800 h.     

High speed, high precision digital phase sensitive detector design for electrical impedance tomography

Electrical impedance tomography (EIT) system must have the properties of high precision and speed, thus the digital phase sensitive detector (DPSD) based on the field programmable gate array(FPGA) is developed for data collection of EIT. Based on the principle of DPSD, the relationship between signal to noise ratio (SNR) and sample resolution as well as total number of samples is deduced. An implementation scheme of this system and a method of designing analog to digital converter (ADC) clock based on direct digital synthesis (DDS) technology are provided. The system adopts high speed multi channel ADC and low jitter clock conditioner for ADC. Real time DPSD is implemented with FPGA. The experiments show that the measurement accuracy reaches 0.03% and the SNR reaches 85 dB. The agar phantom experiments prove that the performance of the DPSD meet the designing requirement for EIT.