Effects of decomposed leaf litter mixtures from Platycladus orientalis and broadleaf tree species on soil properties

Determining the effects of decomposed leaf litter mixtures, consisting of litter from different tree species, on the properties of soil is important for evaluating nutrient cycling and interspecific relationships. In this study, leaf litter mixtures consisting of Platycladus orientalis (L.) Franco combined individually with eight broadleaf plant species were ground and mixed with soil to analyze the effects of their decomposition on the quantity of soil microbes, the activities of soil enzymes, and the soil chemical properties and to determine the interactions between the different types of litter within a mixture during decomposition. In terms of soil properties as a whole, we found that when P. orientalis litter was mixed separately with litter from Amorpha fruticosa L., Caragana microphylla Lam., Betula platyphylla Suk., or Hippophae rhamnoides L., the resulting litter mixtures showed synergistic interaction effects on soil, but when P. orientalis litter was mixed with litter from Populus simonii Carr., Ulmus pumila L., Robinia pseudoacacia L., or Quercus liaotungensis Koidz. showed antagonistic interaction effects.     

不同混播草地建植第三年产量与质量的评价

【目的】以建植第三年的多年生豆禾混播草地为对象,研究与评价草地产量与质量的表现。【方法】以红豆草(Onobrychis viciaefolia)、紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)、红三叶(Trifolium pratense)、鸭茅(Dactylisglomerata)、无芒雀麦(Bromus inermis)和猫尾草(Phleum pratense)6种豆禾牧草在混播种类为3、4、5、6与混播比例为豆禾比5∶5、4∶6和3∶7条件下建立混播草地,对牧草产量、豆科产量比例、茎叶比及粗蛋白、粗脂肪、酸性洗涤纤维和中性洗涤纤维产量等指标进行分析。【结果】不同混播比例下,混5-1中豆禾比3∶7的产草量最高;不同混播比例之间牧草营养品质无显著差异(P>0.05)。不同混播种类下,混5-1与混6混播组合在草产量、粗蛋白和粗脂肪产量方面均表现较好,且与其他处理有显著差异(P<0.05)。混3-2豆科产量比例最高。混3-2与混6茎叶比显著大于其他处理(P<0.05),不含红豆草的处理茎叶比小于含红豆草的处理。【结论】混播种类复杂组合产草量高于混播种类简单组合,而且草地产量与品质均受到混播种类成分的影响。     

增效溴敌隆对几种害鼠的毒杀作用

本文涉及一种抗凝血增效灭鼠剂的研制和应用.该灭鼠剂是以溴敌隆为主剂、以双氯芬酸钠、丙三醇等为辅剂,可制成液剂和粉剂.经生物测定表明,对大白鼠、小白鼠、褐家鼠、大仓鼠和布氏田鼠均有很好的毒效,毒杀率基本达到100％,且适口性良好.现场试验对褐家鼠防效达96％以上.该药中溴敌隆含量为0.002％时,防效与0.005％溴敌隆相当起到了增效的作用,降低了成本,减少了环境污染,保证了人畜安全.     

有机膨润土对农药水乳剂稳定性的协同作用及其机制

以螺环菌胺水乳剂为例,在水乳体系中添加不同质量分数的有机膨润土,从水乳剂微观形态、药液表面张力、流变学特性及有机膨润土对螺环菌胺的吸附作用几方面,初步探讨了有机膨润土对水乳剂稳定性的协同作用及其机制。结果表明:有机膨润土的加入降低了水乳剂粒子的粒径,同时使粒径分布变窄,在微观上改善了水乳剂的稳定性;降低了药液的表面张力,起到了固体乳化剂的作用;在增大体系黏度的同时使其变成了可剪切变稀流体,增强了水乳剂体系的流变学特性,使其具有触变性;有机膨润土对螺环菌胺具有一定的吸附作用。上述因素共同作用的结果使得有机膨润土对农药水乳剂体系的稳定性产生了协同作用。     

In vitro系统评价胃肠液pH及土液比对铅、镉、砷生物可给性的影响

土壤中铅、镉、砷可能直接通过人的口部无意摄入进入人体,危害人体健康,而各研究者评价土壤重金属对人体健康风险所用的实验参数有别,结果缺乏可比性,因此探讨不同评价方法对结果的影响具有重要意义。以污染的棕钙土和红壤为研究对象,应用in vitro方法研究分析胃肠阶段不同土液比、pH以及土壤性质对铅、镉、砷生物可给性的影响。结果表明,重金属的生物可给性与in vitro系统中的pH、土液比、土壤类型以及重金属本身有关。在胃阶段,随着土液比升高,3种重金属生物可给性趋于降低;不同土液比处理下,红壤中铅生物可给性大于棕钙土,而砷则相反,红壤和棕钙土中镉的生物可给性差异不明显。在肠阶段,随着土液比升高,3种重金属生物可给性也趋于降低(除了红壤镉以外),土液比1∶100的3种重金属生物可给性均显著大于1∶10。不同pH处理下,铅的生物可给性随pH的升高逐渐降低,而pH对镉和砷的生物可给性的影响与土液比有关。因此,肠胃实际吸收的重金属可能与摄入水量、食物成分与组成以及食物摄入引起的肠液pH变化有关。     

硫酸黄连素与硫酸粘菌素的体外联合抑菌研究

为了考察硫酸黄连素与硫酸粘菌素的联合抑菌作用,对硫酸黄连素和硫酸粘菌素单一和联合应用分别对仔猪大肠杆菌(C83901),猪多杀性巴氏杆菌(C44-1),鸡白痢沙门氏菌(C79-6),禽多杀性巴氏杆菌(C48-1)进行药物敏感性试验;结果:硫酸黄连素对以上4株菌的M IC值分别为:32,128,64,128μg/mL;硫酸粘菌素对以上4株菌的M IC值分别为:64,128,128,256μg/mL;联合应用对上述4株菌的FIC指数分别为:0.375,0.375,0.25,0.5。结果显示上述4株菌对硫酸黄连素与硫酸粘菌素联用的FIC指数均小于0.5,表现为协同作用。二者最佳比例为1∶2~1∶4,这为复方制剂的开发提供了一定的理论依据。     

INFLUENCE OF NORMOVOLEMIC ANEMIA ON DOPPLER-DERIVED BLOOD VELOCITY RATIOS OF ABDOMINAL SPLANCHNIC VESSELS IN CLINICALLY NORMAL DOGS

Doppler spectra of the abdominal aorta (AAo), cranial mesenteric artery (CMA), celiac artery (CA), and left renal artery (LRA) were obtained from 11 fasted, clinically healthy, conscious Beagles before and after inducing severe acute normovolemic anemia (mean±standard deviation hematocrit 16.0±0.77%). Peak systolic, end diastolic, and time-averaged mean velocities were measured. The different vessels were compared with each other. Peak systolic velocity ratio and time-averaged mean velocity ratio of splanchnic vessels to corresponding variables of the AAo were computed and compared between and within vessels during physiologic and anemic states. There was no difference between LRA and AAo, CMA or CA regarding time-averaged mean velocity, time-averaged mean velocity ratio, or end diastolic velocity during the physiological state. During the anemic state, LRA mean time-averaged mean velocity ( P ≤0.008) and mean end diastolic velocity ( P ≤0.041) were significantly lower than those of AAo, CMA, and CA. Mean time-averaged mean velocity ratio of the LRA was also significantly ( P ≤0.004) lower than the CMA and CA ratios, and significantly ( P =0.014) lower during anemic state than physiologic state of the same vessel. End diastolic and time-averaged mean velocities of the AAo, CMA, and CA increased proportionally during anemia, but there was a relatively less increase in the same variables of the LRA, suggesting less increase in blood flow. Doppler ratios allowed a noninvasive comparison between splanchnic and aortic hemodynamics. Velocity ratios might be useful for clinical detection of relative hemodynamic changes between different vessels.     

Interactions Between the Potato Cyst Nematode Globodera rostochiensis and Diseases Caused by Rhizoctonia solani AG3 in Potatoes Under Field Conditions

Findings from 2 years of field experiments investigating the relationship between Globodera rostochiensis and Rhizoctonia solani on unique field sites are reported. In 2000, a field experiment was positioned on land that had previously been used for experimental work investigating integrated potato cyst nematode (PCN) management methods. This study had produced an ‘untypical’ mosaic of PCN population densities ranging from 5 to 221 eggs g⁻¹ soil. In 2001, the field experiment was conducted on a different field site and overlaid on a focus of G. rostochiensis population densities ranging from 11 to 108 eggs g⁻¹ soil. In each experiment, potatoes (cv. Désirée) were grown in plots with similar population densities of G. rostochiensis that were either uninoculated or inoculated with R. solani. A series of potato plant harvests were undertaken to investigate the effects of nematode infestation on the incidence and severity of R. solani diseases and the associated development of plants. In both experiments, a clear relationship was found between the density of G. rostochiensis juveniles present in potato roots and the incidence of stolons infected by R. solani, 6 weeks after planting. For the first time this interaction has been determined under field conditions. The results of the study suggest that the interaction between nematode and fungus is indirect and possible mechanisms are discussed.     

鸡粪好氧堆肥过程氨气与温室气体排放特征及协同减排机制

为研究畜禽粪便好氧堆肥过程氨气(NH₃)与温室气体的排放特征及协同减排机制,以鸡粪与蘑菇渣为原料,设置9组不同条件的好氧堆肥正交实验,并进行为期45 d的跟踪监测,了解好氧堆肥过程基本理化参数变化,分析NH₃和温室气体的排放规律及最佳减排条件,探究微生物群落与环境因子、气体排放通量之间的相关性。结果表明：含水率与碳氮比(C/N)变化影响整个堆肥进程,经45 d堆肥后,大多数处理组的堆肥均已经完全腐熟,且添加一定比例的椰壳生物炭与钙镁磷肥可以提高堆肥腐熟度。NH₃和4种温室气体(CH₄、N₂O、CO、CO₂)在堆肥前期(1～22 d)排放通量较高,人工翻堆会增加气体排放通量。NH₃和温室气体排放的影响因子和最佳减排条件各不相同,存在“此消彼长”的关系。对NH₃、CH₄、N₂O排放影响较大的因子是椰壳生物炭占比、钙镁磷肥占比和通风速率,有利于这3种气体协同减排的条件为含水率...     

不同有机肥配比对中秋酥脆枣光合作用及果实品质的影响

[目的]探讨海藻素、菜粕和农家绿3种有机肥的不同施肥量配比对中秋酥脆枣叶片光合作用和果实品质的影响,以期筛选出能够提高肥料利用效率、改善中秋酥脆枣果实品质的有机肥施肥配方.[方法]以6年生中秋酥脆枣嫁接苗为试材,设置4个不同梯度的施肥量(0、2.5、5.0和7.5 kg/株)、9种处理(A-I)和1个对照(CK),采用...