黄河流域陕西片土壤侵蚀预报模型研究

以气候、地质、地形、植被及人类活动 5类因素中的 6个因子为预报因子 ,以陕西黄河流域水蚀区内 5大类型区中 3 3条小流域的实验观测资料和实地调查资料及有关科研单位的研究成果为基础 ,建立了适用于该区域的土壤侵蚀预报模型。据运用该模型对本区域内 4条小流域水土保持遥感普查成果和建模所用 3 3条小流域土壤侵蚀模数进行验证 ,证明该模型具有较高的精度 ,可以在陕西黄河流域水蚀区及条件相近的其他地区推广应用     

First data on the coastal dynamics and the sedimentary characteristics of the area influenced by the River Irminio basin (SE Sicily)

The various lithological outcrops in the drainage basin of the River Irminio are described for their contribution to the riverborne material and therefore to the sedimentary balance of the coastal strip. The main contribution to the present sedimentary balance of the subaqueous delta cannot be attributed to the River Irminio, owing to the extreme difference between fluvial and marine sediments. The river's hydraulic characteristics have not always been constant but have tended to decrease in three stages: the first, with a strong competence, shown by the Quaternary alluvial sediments with pebbles; the second, up to 1985, of medium competence, shown by sandy-gravelly deposits in the coastal strip and by finer sediments in the distal areas; the third, at the present day, with low competence, shown by a prevalently suspended load sediment with practically no fluvial influence and with a sedimentation dominated by the littoral currents; this is because between the 1960s and 1970s, owing to interventions along the river channel, the sediments from the basin were reduced to the point of non-existence and a new sedimentary cycle was set up on the delta with allochthonous sediments, exclusively made up of quartz clasts, whereas in the distal zones the mineralogical and compositional characteristics of the ancient river mouth were maintained.     

基于制度分析的跨行政区流域水污染治理绩效优化研究

[目的]从制度是博弈的规则角度分析影响跨行政区流域水污染治理绩效的症结,旨在为提高流域水环境质量提供规则建议。[方法]通过对《环境保护法》、《水法》、《水污染防治法》相关法律条款和水资源管理体制进行分析,以及对中国水环境质量状况进行调查。[结果]条块分割,多头管理,缺乏协调机制的流域管理体制及制度安排已难以适应污水排放量急剧增长和解决日渐频繁的跨区域性流域水污染事件的需要,而环境法制执行力的缺失进一步使嵌入经济和政治双重竞争博弈的地方政府容易采取保护污染企业和转嫁污染等恶性竞争手段,使流域陷入公地悲剧的非理性均衡。[结论]提高跨行政区流域水污染治理绩效需要进一步完善博弈规则设计,提高制度执行力以承诺行动的方式提高中央政策的可信性和有效性,建立"河长制",创新流域产权及完善异地开发补偿制度。     

套种模式下不同灌水方式对玉米根系区土壤水盐 运移及产量的影响

套种模式下,采用玉米沟灌和常规畦灌两种灌水方式,对其各生育期内根系区灌水前及收获前的土壤水分、盐分的运移规律进行试验研究,旨在分析盐碱地条件下两种灌水方式对玉米产量的影响。结果表明:沟灌条件下玉米的根系区要经历一个较常规畦灌更长的低水分阶段;两种灌水方式下玉米根系区灌前各土层含水率均呈"S"形变化规律;低水分条件下沟灌较常规畦灌对于降低土壤盐分具有更好的效果;沟灌条件下,玉米土壤含盐量呈现出近"倒V"形变化规律,开沟起垄后盐分的积累是造成玉米减产的主导因素;开沟后土壤毛管断裂是造成出苗率低的直接原因;虽然沟灌较常规畦灌玉米产量降低3.93%,但综合水分利用效率高48.17%,综合节水30%。因此,综合考虑,如果制定合理的灌溉制度和种植管理模式,玉米沟灌的灌水方式在河套灌区有较好的应用前景。     

Using ecological niche modelling to identify diversity hotspots for the herpetofauna of Pacific lowlands and adjacent interior valleys of Mexico

This article documents the conservation status of the herpetofauna in the Pacific lowlands and adjacent Balsas Basin and Chiapas Depression regions and the presents the results of modelling species spatial distributional patterns through GARP analysis, to identify hotspots of species richness, endemic and geographically restricted species in the study area. It also compares the distribution of these hotspots with the distribution of protected areas and intact seasonally tropical dry tropical forests, the dominant vegetation type in the study area and experiencing high deforestation rates. A total of 301 reptiles and amphibian species occur in the study area accounting for a third of the Mexican herpetofauna, and recording high levels of endemism and endangerment. Hotspots of species richness and endemism were located in coastal Jalisco, a considerable portion of the Colima state, as well as scattered areas in Michoacán, Guerrero, and Oaxaca. These areas should receive highest priority for protection. Unfortunately, there was a minimum correspondence when comparing the distribution of actually and proposed protected areas with hotspots identified. Fortunately, areas of high species richness, endemism and restricted species coincided with those where intact seasonally tropical dry tropical forests still exists. These areas should receive high priority in future plans for seasonally tropical dry tropical forests protected areas. It is hoped that this paper will call attention to the need for establishing a network of protected areas in the study area, as has been proposed by previous studies.     

川中丘陵区坡地防护林侵蚀产沙特征的研究

以川中丘陵区坡地防护林林地降雨量、径流量、泥沙含量等因子测定为切入点,借助侵蚀产沙数学模型,系统分析了不同防护林类型的降雨侵蚀力与产沙、降雨强度与产沙、次降雨下产流与产沙、地表径流与产沙以及不同防护林类型产流产沙的关系,同时通过对比分析,阐述了防护林体系中不同类型的产沙侵蚀过程和水土流失规律,为川中丘陵区坡地防护林结构的调整、控制水土流失和提高防护功能具有指导作用。     

新疆头屯河流域不良地质现象分布特征及成因分析

 根据实地考察和观测资料,对新疆头屯河流域不良地质现象分布特征进行分析。结果表明:头屯河流域不良地质现象主要发生在流域中游地带,出现时间的分布受降雨条件控制,集中出现在降雨期。不良地质现象受自然环境多因素的影响和制约,是地质、地貌、地表物质组成、地震活动、水文气象、植被条件以及人类活动等诸因素作用的结果。流域不良地质现象的发育,为流域河道来沙提供了大量的物质基础,根据流域自然环境和不良地质现象的活动分布状况,从生物、工程和社会3方面提出了防治措施。     

拉萨河流域非点源污染输出风险评估

有效识别流域非点源污染高风险区,对污染控制与管理以及水环境质量改善具有重要意义。该研究以拉萨河流域为研究对象,构建包括降雨、地形和施肥影响因子的输出风险模型,识别流域各级非点源污染输出风险的地域单元。结果表明:1996年和2010年,非点源污染输出风险概率分别为50.0%和46.3%;非点源污染风险处于较高以上程度的区域面积分别为12 985.8和11 628.0 km2,占全区总面积的38.9%和34.9%;与1996年相比,2010年非点源污染风险程度由低级别向高级别转换的总面积约为6 674.3 km2。拉萨河流域非点源污染发生的风险概率为中等,风险程度在局部范围内有所下降,主要表现在高风险区域面积减少、低风险区域面积增加,但是中等和较高风险区域面积有增加趋势。土地利用变化、农业生产和水土流失是非点源污染发生的主要原因,应巩固生态环境综合治理成果,提前应对可能出现的非点源污染问题,制定生态农业发展规划,营造控制非点源污染迁移的植被缓冲带。     

淮河流域农业气候资源条件分析

淮河流域地处暖温带和北亚热带两大气候带的过渡区 ,属半湿润季风区 ,它是我国重要的农业生产基地。该地区所处的区位和农业发展现状决定了其农业生产对气候条件有很强的依赖性。笔者着重分析了对农业生产有重要影响的气候资源条件 ,主要是光能资源、热量资源和降水资源。在此基础上提出了趋利避害的农业生产措施以促进淮河流域农业生产的发展     

四川盆地丘陵区农田养分平衡研究

研究了四川盆地丘陵区3个生态亚区近20年(1981～1999)农田养分平衡与土壤养分动态变化趋势。结果表明:各生态亚区农田氮素平均盈余59 59%、39 75%、11 12%;磷素平均盈余40%以上;钾素平均亏缺38%以上。根据3个典型县土壤养分动态变化,阐述了农田养分平衡状况对土壤养分的影响。