基质配比、缓释肥量和容器规格对木荷容器苗质量的影响

采用析因试验设计,开展了基质配比、缓释肥施用量和容器规格对1年生木荷轻基质容器苗生长和质量影响的研究。结果表明:随着泥炭比例的提高,木荷容器苗苗高和地径生长量增加,而根系参数减少致使根冠比下降;当每立方米基质中缓释肥量在2.5 kg以上时,缓释肥施用量对木荷容器苗地上部分生长和根冠比的影响较小,但随着施用量的增大却会明显影响根系的发育;容器规格对木荷容器苗生长和质量影响显著,容器规格的增大可明显促进苗高和地径的生长及根系的发育,但根冠比有所下降。从苗木质量和育苗成本等综合考虑,木荷轻基质容器苗的优化培育方案为:基质的泥炭与谷糠比为7∶3,每立方米基质中缓释肥施用量为2.5 kg,容器规格为5.5 cm×10 cm。此外统计分析还表明,木荷容器苗质量不仅受基质配比、缓释肥施用量和容器规格主效应的影响,而且其主效应间还存在一定的互作效应,即可根据基质配比相应地调整缓释肥施用量或改变容器规格大小,以达到低成本生产木荷优质容器苗的目标。     

药材植物淋出物对油松枯落物分解和土壤酶活性的影响

【目的】研究油松(Pinus tabuliformis)林下9种药材植物淋出物对油松枯落物分解和土壤酶活性的影响,为选择适宜油松林下种植的药材植物及适宜的林药复合模式提供依据。【方法】以秦岭山区广泛分布的典型油松林及林下9种常见药材植物蒲公英(Taraxacum mongolicum)、地丁(Corydalis bungeana)、薄荷(Mentha haplocalyx)、鱼腥草(Houttuynia cordata)、细辛(Asarum sieboldii)、荆芥(Nepeta cataria)、金银花(Lonicera japonica)、绞股蓝(Gynostemma pentaphyllum)和夏枯草(Prunella vulgaris)为研究对象,通过药材植物茎叶淋出物(以水浸提液模拟)喷浇油松枯落物进行分解试验,研究药材植物茎叶淋出物对油松枯落物分解速率、养分(C、N、P、Cu、Zn和Mn)释放和土壤酶活性的影响。【结果】蒲公英、地丁、薄荷、鱼腥草、金银花和荆芥的茎叶淋出物均显著抑制了油松枯落物的分解及总体养分释放(除金银花茎叶淋出物对N释放、荆芥茎叶淋出物对N和P的释放影响不显著外)。蒲公英、地丁、薄荷、鱼腥草和金银花茎叶淋出物均显著降低了土壤多酚氧化酶的活性,金银花茎叶淋出物降低了土壤中羧甲基纤维素酶活性,荆芥茎叶淋出物均显著降低了土壤中羧甲基纤维素酶和β-葡萄糖苷酶的活性。【结论】细辛、绞股蓝和夏枯草可与油松进行林药复合种植,其余6种药材植物应避免在油松林下种植或降低种植密度。     

持续日变高温对肉鸡矿物质代谢的影响

为研究持续日变高温环境对肉仔鸡矿物质代谢的影响,选用体重接近的20只肉仔鸡,随机分为两组,另选体重接近的4只肉仔鸡,施人工肛门手术。试验组持续日变高温环境设为25～35℃,其中每日35℃持续3h。对照组为20℃恒温。在人工气候舱内适应8d后,每只鸡收集3d尿和总排泄物,并对其中矿物质排出量进行测量,分别对试验前及试验结束时血液中矿物质浓度进行测量。结果表明:持续日变高温使肉仔鸡血清中K浓度显著下降,Zn浓度上升,其它矿物质元素浓度无显著变化,在限饲相同进食量情况下,热应激使K、P、Mg、Na和Co的排出量明显低于对照组,而其它矿物元素排出量与对照组无显著差异,尿中矿物质浓度无显著变化。     

氧氟沙星缓释药栓的研制及体外药物释放实验研究

研究可植入眼内的氧氟沙星缓药栓的体外药物缓释过程和效果。方法：将分子量各为６１２０和１２５５０的聚乳酸分别混载５％和１０％氧氟沙星制成药栓，并体外药物释放以及高效液相色谱法药物浓度测定。结果３０ｄ内氧氟沙星体外释放率为７０％－９０％，释药时间与滞物分子量呈正相关，结论：由氧氟沙星和聚乳酸制成的缓释药栓满足眼内炎治疗的基本要求。     

Fertilizer technology based on optimized nitrogen release from urea-loaded natural superabsorbent carriers

There is a pressing need for advanced fertilizer application technologies that enhance crop yields, maintain soil health and reduce the environmental impact from agriculture. Here, we report on the optimization of nitrogen release profiles of urea-loaded polysaccharide (starch) superabsorbent carriers, employing analytical techniques including UV–VIS, FTIR, EDX, SEM and GC-FID for structural and phospholipid fatty acids PLFA analyses. We fitted existing kinetic models to the uptake and release profiles, providing a link between nitrogen release kinetics and carrier structural variables. The inclusion of zeolite microparticles in the starch-based carriers accelerated the rate of nitrogen release and increasing the maximum amount released. Field tests of the technology on maize crops demonstrated improved plant parameters and enhanced the soil microbial population. These findings highlight the promise of urea-loaded natural superabsorbent carriers as a sustainable alternative to core-shell CRF fertilizers and urease inhibitors.     

The Experimental and Commercial Release of Transgenic Crop Plants

With advances in recombinant DNA methods and transformation procedures, it is possible to transfer genes into crop plants from unrelated plants, microbes and animals. Many of the modifications being carried out, or envisaged, are for disease and pest resistance, product quality and tolerance to environmental stress, but there are additional opportunities to modify crops to give specialized products for industrial or pharmaceutical use. Some of the characteristics of transgenic plants are considered, including: transgene copy number, position, expression, stability, pleiotropy, selectable marker genes and somaclonal variation. There have been several hundreds of field trials with transgenic plants, and the first transgenic varieties are likely to be approved for commercial production in 1993. Before releasing transgenic plants, it is necessary to carry out a risk assessment to determine whether the transgenic variety will behave differently from a conventionally bred variety. Assessment procedures are being harmonized internationally by various organizations. There is a growing commitment to apply these genetic modification methods to crops in developing countries, as genes relevant to their crops and environments become available.     

天然有机物包裹控释尿素的养分释放特征及其肥效研究

为了探究木质纤维素类有机物在缓/控释肥上的应用效果,采用静水浸泡法,研究3种天然木粉包裹控释尿素在常温条件下的养分释放规律,并通过盆栽试验考察包裹控释尿素在白菜上的肥效。结果表明,包裹控释尿素对氮素养分有很好的控释效果,不同的包裹量表现出不同的释放模式;缓释期随着包裹量的增加而变长;盆栽试验证明,等养分控释尿素处理(CRU1)能够促进白菜的生长,白菜产量（鲜重）和氮素利用率比普通尿素处理(CCU)分别提高17.7%、12.4%,差异显著(P<0.05);与普通尿素处理(CCU)相比,氮肥减量10%处理(CRU2)和20%处理(CRU3)的白菜产量（鲜重）差异不显著;等养分控释尿素处理(CRU1)白菜的硝酸盐含量增加不显著,施肥处理间白菜的品质没有显著差异。包裹控释尿素能够与白菜的营养需求匹配,减少对根的伤害,提高肥料利用率。     

固定化菌株在土壤中的繁殖释放及性能分析

不同条件下固定化菌株在土壤中的释放情况存在差异,本实验测定固定化枯草芽孢杆菌在不同条件下土壤中的释放及其降解特性。通过设定不同温度、水分、pH值测定固定化枯草芽孢杆菌在灭菌土壤中的释放情况,并分别用碱扩散法、碳酸氢钠抽提-钼锑抗比色法、乙酸铵抽提-火焰光度计法测定菌株的固氮、解磷、解钾性能。结果表明：固定化菌株在温度35℃和40℃、水分为50ml/100g、pH5-8时均能大量繁殖释放,固定化后在不同温度和水分条件下不影响其降解特性。该研究结果为固定化菌株在农业复合微生物肥料上的应用提供理论基础。