光响应性阳离子表面活性剂PCDA-C6-NH3+的合成及其对液滴蒸发行为的调控

农药的有效利用与农药液滴在植物叶片上的蒸发过程息息相关。传统表面活性剂虽然可以改变液滴的蒸发模式或速率,但并不能根据外界环境变化对蒸发过程进行主动调节。为实现"自主调控"农药液滴蒸发的目的,本文设计合成了一种含丁二炔官能团的光响应性阳离子表面活性剂(PCDA-C6-NH3+),利用紫外光刺激改变其在液滴中的聚集状态,调控液滴的蒸发过程。该表面活性剂以10,12-二十五碳二炔酸(PCDA)作为骨架,通过酰胺化反应引入末端氨基并质子化后得到。采用紫外-可见光谱研究了PCDA-C6-NH3+的拓扑化学聚合反应,并利用静态表面张力和动态接触角分析了其紫外光照前后的表面活性和蒸发行为。该研究为实现液滴"自主调控"蒸发过程提供了一种新思路,对提高农药利用率具有重要意义。     

表面活性剂APSA-80对井冈霉素的增效作用研究

 在750倍的井冈霉素药液中加入0.01%、0.02%和0.04%浓度的表面活性剂APSA-80后,其表面张力降低了32.87%~53.66%、药液液滴在水稻的叶表面和叶背面的接触角分别降低了25.26%~51.98%和36.88%~47.34%,在叶鞘上降低22.38%~37.18%;药液在叶片上的沉积量提高约1.6倍;盆栽试验结果表明,APSA-80能够提高井冈霉素药液抗雨水冲刷能力;田间药效试验结果显示,APSA-80能够提高井冈霉素防治纹枯病的效果和延长其持效期。药后14 d,加入0.02%和0.04% APSA-80的处理防效明显高于单用;药后21 d,加入0.04%的,防效仍保持86.58%(96年)和90.93%(97年),极明显高于单用。     

Ultrastructure of the hydrophobic gastric surfactant barrier in the dog

OBJECTIVES: To confirm the hydrophobicity of the luminal surface of the canine stomach and to elucidate the ultrastructure of the lining imparting that property. DESIGN AND PROCEDURES: Gastric and duodenal mucosal samples from eight dogs were collected immediately after euthanasia and subjected to contact angle measurement using a goniometer. Other samples were examined by electron microscopy following a fixation procedure known to preserve phospholipids and oligolamellar structures. RESULTS: Contact angles for the canine gastric mucosal surface (85.1 +/- 5.5) were significantly greater (P < 0.0001) than for the duodenum (24.0 +/- 1.7). Electron microscopy revealed the existence of surfactant as abundant osmiophilic phospholipid material within the gastric and duodenal mucosae. CONCLUSION: We have confirmed the hydrophobic nature of the canine gastric mucosa whereas the luminal surface of the duodenum is hydrophilic. We propose that the water-repellent nature of the canine gastric lining contributes to the 'gastric mucosal barrier' and is imparted by an oligolamellar layer of surface-active phospholipid ('gastric surfactant') adsorbed to the surface. Both gastric and duodenal mucosae may also utilise phospholipids as an intercellular defense mechanism in the event that tight junctions are breached by acid. It is tempting to speculate that a deficiency of gastric phospholipids may predispose dogs to ulcers. Further, exogenous administration of phospholipids may be useful in preventing gastric ulceration.     

Synthesis and characterization of castor oil-based polymeric surfactants

Dehydrated castor oil was epoxidized using phosphoric acid as a catalyst and acetic acid peroxide as an oxidant to produce epoxidized castor oil (ECO). Ring-opening polymerization with stannic chloride was used to produce polymerized ECO (PECO), and sodium hydroxide used to give hydrolyzed PECO (HPECO). The HPECO was characterized by Fourier transform infrared, ¹H and ¹³C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopies, gel permeation chromatography, and differential scanning calorimetry. The weight-average molecular weight of soluble PECO and HPECO were 5026 and 2274 g·mol^-1, respectively. PECO and HPECO exhibited glass transition. Through neutralizing the carboxylic acid of HPECO with different counterions, castor oil-based polymeric surfactants (HPECO-M, where M= Na⁺, K⁺ or triethanolamine ion) exhibited high efficiency to reduce the surface tension of water. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) values of HPECO-M ranged from 0.042 to 0.098 g·L^-1 and the minimum equilibrium surface tensions at CMC (g_cmc) of HPECO-M ranged from 25.6 to 30.0 mN·m^-1. The water-hexadecane interfacial energy was calculated from measured surface tension using harmonic and geometric mean methods. Measured values of water-hexadecane interfacial tension agreed well with those calculated using the harmonic and geometric mean methods.     

双季铵盐型表面活性剂的吸附特性研究

以研究双季铵盐型表面话性剂 BQAS 吸附特性为目的,从溶液表面张力随浓度的变化、饱和吸附量等方面研究了双季铵盐 BQAS 的气-液界面吸附特性;用双季铵盐 BQAS 和砂岩体系,在液固比一定时,从时间、浓度对静态吸附量的影响方面研究了双季铵盐 BQAS 的液-固界面吸附特性。试验结果表明,双季铵盐 BQAS 能显著降低溶液表面张力,在溶液表面的饱和吸附量为1.58×10~(-6)mol·m~(-2);在液固比为50:1时,双季铵盐 BQAS 在砂岩表面(40～80目)的吸附最低平衡时间为90min,饱和吸附量为2.13×10~(-5)mol·g~(-1),具有良好的表面活性。     

O/W型药用微乳的制备及评价

 【目的】研究O/W型药用微乳形成的基本规律及评价方法,为药用微乳的研究和应用提供一定的实验依据。【方法】通过滴定法绘制拟三元相图,考察不同表面活性剂和助表面活性剂对O/W型微乳形成的影响。【结果】在相同油相的情况下,不同表面活性剂和助表面活性剂的不同结构和性质、表面活性剂和助表面活性剂的质量比(Km)、温度的变化对微乳的形成均有影响。【结论】恰当的油相和适配的表面活性剂和助表面活性剂的合理搭配,可以使微乳体系中表面活性剂的用量降低至7.5％,而且一般微乳形成的区域大小与表面活性剂和助表面活性剂的总量成正比,与油的用量成反比。用三元相图作为选择最佳微乳组方需要结合微乳的稳定性考察来确定微乳的最佳形成条件。     

天然胶乳凝固方法的研究进展

对多年来天然胶乳凝固方法及其研究进展进行综述并作比较分析,指出盐凝固将有望取代目前常用的酸凝固,满足制胶工业规模化生产。     

表面活性剂对农药雾滴在甘蓝菜叶面上扩展面积和蒸发时间的影响研究

农药雾滴在作物叶面上的扩展面积和蒸发时间是影响农药施药效率的两个重要因素.选用不同种类及不同添加比例的表面活性剂对甘蓝菜叶子进行试验,采用连续拍摄雾滴扩展和蒸发全过程的方法,记录农药雾滴在甘蓝菜叶面上的扩展面积和蒸发时间的数据.试验证明,在农药药液中添加不同种类和不同比例的表面活性剂,会对农药雾滴在甘蓝菜叶面上的蒸发过程产生不同程度影响.要进一步地开展研究工作,针对特定叶面,筛选出最佳效果的表面活性剂,并寻找表面活性剂的最佳添加比例,为提高农药的施药效率提供依据.     

常用农药在水稻叶片上的润湿能力分析

【目的】研究稻田常用农药大容量喷雾和弥雾浓度下药液在稻叶上的润湿性能。【方法】采用Zisman图法测定稻叶的临界表面张力,并将其与采用国家标准GB 5549-90的方法测定的52种农药田间使用浓度下药液的表面张力值进行比较分析;采用表面张力法测定药液中表面活性剂的临界胶束浓度,并借助5种制剂来分析说明药液在稻叶上的润湿性。【结果】南粳44、南京11和武香糯8333 3种稻叶正、反面的临界表面张力估值介于29.90-32.88 mN•m-1。大容量喷雾和弥雾时,药液的表面张力小于稻叶临界表面张力的农药分别为21和23种,其中药液中表面活性剂浓度高于临界胶束浓度的农药分别为19和21种;其余农药的药液表面张力则大于稻叶的临界表面张力或药液中的表面活性剂浓度低于临界胶束浓度。大容量喷雾和弥雾时,5%井冈霉素AS、70%吡虫啉WDG 2种农药药液的表面张力分别为46.84和46.53 mN•m-1、49.48和40.24 mN•m-1,在稻叶上的接触角均大于100°,润湿性差;50%甲基硫菌灵SC 药液的表面张力均为35.89 mN•m-1,在稻叶上的接触角介于98.59°-53.76°,润湿性较差至好;4%阿维菌素ME、1.8%阿维菌素EC 2种农药的药液表面张力分别为29.98和29.13 mN•m-1、27.67和27.67 mN•m-1,在稻叶上的接触角均小于60°,润湿性好。【结论】稻田常用农药中多数在大容量喷雾和弥雾浓度下药液的润湿性较差。     

Effects of surfactants on primisulfuron activity in barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli [L.] Beauv.) and green foxtail (Setaria viridis [L.] Beauv.)

Laboratory and greenhouse studies were conducted to measure the contact angle of primisulfuron droplets with and without surfactants on the leaf surfaces of barnyardgrass and green foxtail, to determine the primisulfuron activity on these weed species, and to examine the spray deposit of primisulfuron with and without surfactants on the leaf surface of green foxtail using scanning electron microscopy. A non-ionic surfactant (NIS) and an organosilicone wetting agent (OWA) were used. The contact angles of 1 μL droplets were measured on the leaf surface using a goniometer. The activity of primisulfuron on barnyardgrass and green foxtail was assessed at 3 weeks after treatment based on visual injury and the fresh weight. The contact angles of the droplets of primisulfuron on the adaxial surface of the barnyardgrass and green foxtail leaves were 152° and 127°, respectively, when applied without surfactant. The addition of either surfactant markedly reduced the contact angle for both weed species, which was lowest when the OWA was added to primisulfuron. The percentage injury of barnyardgrass was very low, even at the higher rate of primisulfuron, regardless of the surfactant. Primisulfuron at 40 g ha⁻¹ controlled 43% of green foxtail without surfactant, which increased to 65% with the NIS and 83% with the OWA. Primisulfuron with a surfactant markedly reduced the fresh weight of green foxtail compared with primisulfuron applied alone, regardless of the primisulfuron rate and surfactant type. The scanning electron micrographs showed a uniform deposit of spray droplets, with close contact of the droplets to the leaf epicuticular surface in green foxtail in the presence of a surfactant compared with no surfactant. The enhanced primisulfuron activity on green foxtail with surfactants was related to the reduced contact angle and uniform deposition of the primisulfuron spray droplets on the leaf surface.