助剂对高效氯氰菊酯在甘蓝叶片表皮渗透性的影响

 研究了3类助剂（矿物油、高级脂肪酸、非离子表面活性剂）对非内吸性杀虫剂高效氯氰菊酯在甘蓝叶片表皮渗透性的影响,证明药液的渗透性在一定范围内与药剂中助剂含量和给药后的时间成正相关。助剂间一定比例的配合对该渗透性具有协同作用。通过添加助剂后药液的各种物理性状进行测试及助剂溶液改变甘蓝表面蜡质结构的电镜观察,初步讨论了各类助剂影响渗透性的作用机理。     

基于冠层多光谱数据预测水稻氮素营养状况

A soil batch experiment was conducted to investigate both separate and compound effects of three types of surfactants： anionic dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid sodiumsalt （DBSS）, cationic cetyltrimethylammonium bromide （CTAB）, and nonionic nonyl phenol polyethyleneoxy ether （TX-100）, as well as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid （EDTA） on cadmium solubility, sorption kinetics, and sorption-desorption behavior in purple soil. The results indicated that both individual application of the three types of surfactants and surfactants combined with EDTA could stimulate Cd extraction from the soil with a general effectiveness ranking of EDTA/TX-100 〉 EDTA/DBSS 〉 EDTA/CTAB 〉 EDTA 〉 TX-100 〉 DBSS 〉 CTAB. Further study showed that the compound application of surfactants and EDTA had stronger （P 〈 0.05） effects on Cd solubility than those added individually. The application of surfactants and EDTA to purple soil （P 〈 0.05） decreased the proportion of Cd sorbed, while their effectiveness ranking was similar to that of enhanced solubilization. The sorption kinetics of Cd in purple soil was best described by the double-constant equation, while the Freundlich equation gave an excellent fit to the sorption isotherm curves. Therefore, surfactant-enhanced remediation of Cd contaminated soil is feasible and further research should be conducted.     

多环芳烃污染土壤表面活性剂清洗及生物柴油强化

针对某焦化厂内高浓度多环芳烃污染土壤,以烷基苷(APG)、十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)和曲拉通X-100(TX100)为表面活性剂代表物,采用静态平衡法和高效液相色谱分析,探索采用单一及混合表面活性剂清洗修复多环芳烃污染土壤,并考察生物柴油对多环芳烃去除效果的影响。结果表明,单一表面活性剂对土壤中多环芳烃去除率顺序为SDBS>APG>TX100。APG/SDBS混合处理及TX100/SDBS为9∶1混合处理提高了土壤中多环芳烃去除率,而APG/TX100混合处理没能提高多环芳烃去除率。生物柴油对TX100及TX100/SDBS去除多环芳烃效果没有明显提高,对APG及APG/TX100去除多环芳烃略有提高。当APG/SDBS为9∶1时,生物柴油可以使多环芳烃去除率从(63.3±2.0)%提高到(75.6±2.0)%。单一表面活性剂、混合表面活性剂、及表面活性剂-生物柴油乳液对多环芳烃各组分去除率比较类似,对菲的去除率最高,茚并[1,2,3-d]芘次之,其余相对较低。因此,建议采用APG/SDBS+生物柴油的混合体系对高浓度多环芳烃污染土壤进行修复。     

塿土对阴－非离子表面活性剂的吸附特征研究

以平衡吸附法研究了塿土对阴离子表面活性剂(SDS)、非离子表面活性剂(TritonX-100、Tween80和Brij35)的吸附特征,考察了pH、阴-非离子表面活性剂混合对塿土吸附表面活性剂的影响.结果表明,非离子表面活性剂在填土上吸附等温线均呈L型,且均符合Freundlich和Langmuir方程;壤土对SDS的吸附等温线呈LS型,可用Freundlich方程来描述;塿土对4种表面活性剂吸附量的大小顺序为Tween80＞SDS＞Brij35＞TfitonX-100.当阴-非离子表面活性剂一起进入土壤中,SDS-Brij35之间的相互影响不大;TritonX-100与SDS相互作用较大,无论二者以何种方式混合都会使TritonX-100在壤土上的吸附量增加,SDS的吸附量下降;SDS与Tween80之间的相互作用最大,混合后吸附量均下降,但Tween80吸附量降低的幅度最大.pH对非离子表面活性剂的吸附影响不大,而随着pH的增加,塿土对SDS的吸附百分率明显下降;在pH为8.0时,填土对非离子表面活性剂的吸附百分率达到80%以上.因此在选择合适的表面活性剂进行有机污染土壤修复和治理时,考虑土壤的特性和表面活性剂的结构是非常重要的.     

双季铵盐型表面活性剂的吸附特性研究

以研究双季铵盐型表面活性剂BQAS吸附特性为目的,从溶液表面张力随浓度的变化、饱和吸附量等方面研究了双季铵盐BQAS的气液界面吸附特性;用双季铵盐BQAS和砂岩体系,在液固比一定时,从时间、浓度对静态吸附量的影响方面研究了双季铵盐BQAS的液固界面吸附特性。试验结果表明,双季铵盐BQAS能显著降低溶液表面张力,在溶液表面的饱和吸附量为1·58×10-6mol·m-2;在液固比为50∶1时,双季铵盐BQAS在砂岩表面(40~80目)的吸附最低平衡时间为90min,饱和吸附量为2·13×10-5mol·g-1,具有良好的表面活性。     

阴离子-非离子两性表面活性剂的合成

阴离子-非离子表面活性剂既能抗盐又能耐温,可以用于高温高盐油藏提高采收率。以OP-10为原料,利用 L 酸等对其进行化学改性,合成了阴离子-非离子两性表面活性剂。采用正交试验优化了合成条件,并评价了合成产品的界面活性。结果表明,合成的阴离子-非离子两性表面活性剂具有较好的抗盐性和较高的界面活性。     

一种松香基阴离子表面活性剂的合成与性能研究

以脱氢枞酸(DA)和6-氨基己酸为原料,经酰氯化、酰胺化和皂化等反应合成了一种松香基阴离子表面活性剂6-脱氢枞酰胺基己酸钠(R-6).首先利用二维核磁技术对脱氢枞酸的氢谱和碳谱信号进行了全面解析,并用1 H NMR和FT-IR确证了终产品的结构,进一步考查了R-6的溶解性能、表面张力和泡沫性能.研究结果表明:在室温下,...     

Improvement of the emulsifying properties of porcine sarcoplasmic proteins with a low-molecular weight surfactant by the two-step emulsification method

The emulsifying properties of porcine sarcoplasmic protein (SP) with or without low-molecular weight surfactants were examined. The emulsifying activity (EA) of SP was weaker than that of sodium caseinate (CA), blood plasma (BP) and whey protein isolates at a protein concentration of 0.5–3%. Sodium chloride decreased the EA of SP. The EA of SP was about one quarter that of CA in the presence of 3% sodium chloride. As homogenization time increased, the EAs of SP and BP decreased. The EA of SP was not influenced by sucrose stearate ester (SE) with a hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) value of 16 (SE-16) but was decreased by those with HLB values of 5 and 1. Low-molecular weight surfactants such as SE-16, Tween 80 and sodium cholate improved the EA of SP with the two-step emulsification method: corn oil was previously emulsified with the surfactant before addition of SP and homogenization. In the case of the addition of SE-16 as primary emulsifier, the EA was about twice as high as that of SP alone. The same effect was shown in the emulsions formed by CA and soy protein isolate. These results indicate that the emulsifying properties of meat protein would be improved by the addition of a low-molecular weight surfactant in a two-step emulsification.     

十二烷基苯磺酸钠在分光光度法测量土壤中痕量钒的应用

利用1-(2-吡啶偶氮)-2萘酚(PAN)分光光度法测定了土壤中痕量钒,选择最能显著提高显色反应的灵敏度,且对反应最小干扰的表面活性剂。结果表明:在钒(V)-PAN形成的络合物中加入表面活性剂可以显著提高显色体系的灵敏度。在测量土壤中微量钒试验中选择十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)作为最佳表面活性剂。为了试验中络合物的吸光度最大且稳定,实验选取8%的十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)溶液1mL。     

化学洗涤法修复石油污染土壤研究现状

化学洗涤法修复石油污染土壤具有修复时间短、操作简单、能耗低、适应性广、可资源化回收洗脱石油等优点,从表面活性剂复配、助剂应用、过程强化以及石油污染土壤性质的影响等方面对近年来化学洗涤法修复石油污染土壤的研究进行了评述。为推动该方法的实际应用,尚需深入研究表面活性剂之间、表面活性剂与助剂之间的相互作用机制,系统研究石油污染土壤性质对洗涤工艺的影响,加强关于降低化学洗涤对土壤性能影响方法的研究,深入开展洗涤废水回用及有效处理的研究。