不同类型向日葵籽粒的理化性质

为明确不同类型向日葵籽粒理化性质与利用价值,以3种不同类型向日葵籽仁为研究对象,检测其粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、氨基酸、微量元素、维生素E和植物甾醇含量,脂肪酸组成以及抗氧化活性.研究表明,观赏向日葵阿尔卑斯橙子红晕黑心和食用向日葵JZ055粗脂肪含量分别为44.55％和41.26％,低于油用向日葵陇葵杂6号(49.93％),...     

Exogenous xylanase improves growth,protein digestibility and digestive enzymes activities in Nile tilapia,Oreochromis niloticus,fed different ratios of fish meal to sunflower meal

A 3 × 2 factorial experiment was designed to evaluate the effect of different ratios of fish meal (FM): sunflower meal (SFM) with or without exogenous xylanase supplementation on growth, feed utilization, digestive enzymes activities, apparent digestibility, intestinal and liver morphology and chemical composition of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Three isonitrogenous (329.80 g/kg of crude protein) and isoenergetic (18.46 MJ/kg gross energy) experimental diets were formulated as SFM₁ (FM:SFM = 2:1), SFM₂ (FM:SFM = 1:1) and SFM₃ (FM:SFM = 1:2) based on protein content. Each diet was supplemented with 0 or 0.5 g/kg of exogenous xylanase and was fed to triplicate groups of twelve fish (with initial weight, 1.31 ± 0.02 g) for 84 days. After 84 days of feeding period, the highest weight gain, specific growth rate, protein efficiency, protein productive value and the best feed conversion ratio were recorded in fish fed either SFM₁ or SFM₂ supplemented with exogenous xylanase. Whereas lowest growth performance was recorded in fish fed SFM₂ and SFM₃ un‐supplemented with xylanase. The highest activities of chymotrypsin, trypsin, lipase, amylase, alkaline phosphatase and cholecystokinin were observed in fish fed SFM₁ and SFM₂ diets supplemented with xylanase. The highest ADCs of dry matter, protein, lipid and digestible energy were recorded in fish fed SFM₁ and SFM₂ diets supplemented with exogenous xylanase. Supplementation of exogenous xylanase improved muscularis mucosa thickness, height of mucosal folds and enterocytes of intestinal fish. Addition of exogenous xylanase increased the calcium and phosphorus retention. Results of this study indicated that the addition of exogenous xylanase to diet containing high inclusion level of sunflower meal improved growth, digestive enzymes, nutrient digestibility, histological morphometric of liver and intestine and nutrient retention.     

Effect of non‐starch polysaccharide composition and enzyme supplementation on growth performance and nutrient digestibility in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

The experiment investigated whether the effect of enzyme supplementation on performance and nutrient digestibility is dependent on type of the ingredient(s) used, by incorporating wheat bran (WB), sunflower meal (SFM) and citrus pulp (CP) to a reference diet (REF). Those ingredients are known to be rich in different types of non‐starch polysaccharides (NSP). Diets were supplemented with and without (control) an enzyme mix (phytase 1,000 FTU/kg and xylanase U/kg) according to a 2 × 4 factorial arrangement. In total, 24 tanks (3 replicates/treatment) were used with 30 fish each (Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus; mean initial body weight 41 g). Fish were restrictively fed the experimental diets for 43 days (80% of expected satiation). Enzyme supplementation affected the absolute growth (g/day) and FCR (p < 0.05), improving the growth of fish fed the WB and SFM diets, while fish fed the REF and CP diets did not benefit. NSP, energy, ash, phosphorous and calcium digestibility improved with enzyme supplementation (p < 0.05). There was an interaction effect on all growth parameters, as well as the digestibility of energy and phosphorus (p < 0.05). This indicates that the effectiveness of the enzymes was dependent on the NSP‐rich ingredient used and thus the composition of the NSP fraction.     

Nutrient responses and glutamate and proline metabolism in sunflower plants and calli under Na2SO4 stress

The growth of Helianthus annuus L. calli and plants was reduced in the presence of Na₂SO₄ (10, 25, 50, and 100 mM). SO₄^2— and Na concentrations increased in stressed calli and plants while NO₃^—, Cl^—, P, K, and Mg decreased in stressed plants and Ca in shoots. Stressed calli showed decreases of NO₃^—, Ca, K, and Mg concentrations. Calli adapted to 50 mM Na₂SO₄ accumulated more K and Ca and less ammonium than stressed non‐adapted calli. Proline exhibited increases in stressed calli and plants that were accompanied by decreases of proline oxidase activities while pyrroline‐5‐carboxylate reductase (P5CR) and ornithine aminotransferase (OAT) activities increased. Adapted calli accumulated more proline and had higher P5CR and OAT activities than stressed non‐adapted calli. Glutamate concentration decreased with stress, together with a stimulation of cytosolic glutamine synthetase (GS1) and a decrease of plastidal GS (GS2) activity. These data strongly suggest that the increase of P5CR and GS1 activities are responsible for the decrease of glutamate concentration leading, together with the stimulation of OAT and the inhibition of the proline oxidation metabolism, to an increase of proline levels in Na₂SO₄‐stressed sunflower cells. These data also show that salt stress increases the release of endogenous ammonium and suggests that the increase of GS1 activity plays an important role in its elimination.     

冀北油葵主要栽培因素对产量的影响

为了研究主要栽培因素对油葵产量的影响,确定冀北地区油葵最优栽培方案.本研究采用5因子二次回归正交旋转组合设计,建立播期、密度、氮肥、磷肥和钾肥与油葵产量的效应函数.结果 表明,播期、密度、氮肥、磷肥和钾肥随着投入量的增加油葵产量呈先升高后下降趋势,其中播期、播期氮肥互作起着重要的作用.目标产量大于2916.67 kg/...     

High regeneration potential in vitro of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) lines derived from interspecific hybridization

Successful selection of interspecific hybrid progenies with superior ability to regenerate shoots from apical meristems was performed in sunflower which now allows for the development of lines for improved biotechnological applications. Early generations of interspecific hybrids originating from crosses between the two H. annuus CMS lines ‘HA89’ and ‘Baso’, and 9 wild species were screened for their ability to regenerate in vitro. Evaluation of 36 progenies allowed to identify seven progenies from crosses involving H. mollis, H. giganteus, H. strumosus, and H. decapetalus which showed a significantly higher regeneration potential than the commercial hybrid ‘Albena’ regarding the number of shoots per explant. Among these progenies, 47.2 to 62.4% of explants produced shoots with an average of 2.3 to 3.5 shoots per cultured explant. Regeneration in vitro was significantly determined by the genotype. More than half of the investigated interspecific hybrids performed better than the inbred ‘HA89’ demonstrating that the high regeneration potential available in the wild species can be efficiently transferred to cultivated sunflower. The seven progenies with high regeneration potential in vitro were characterised by agronomic performance in the field. Two of the interspecific hybrids derived from H. strumosus and H. decapetalus not only showed a superior regeneration potential but also proved to be competitive to commercial hybrids with regard to important agronomic traits, e.g. fat content and TGW. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

盐分条件下水氮对向日葵影响及其产量模型研究

为了提高盐渍化地区水肥利用效率,在内蒙古河套灌区沙濠渠试验站利用盆栽试验,采用三因素五水平二次通用旋转组合设计,以土壤含水量、施氮肥量、土壤EC值为因子,对水氮盐耦合效应展开了试验研究,并构建了水氮盐产量模型,结果表明:水氮盐最优组合方案为土壤水分为相对田间持水率58.4%～78.03%,施氮量392.25～414.75kg/hm2,土壤EC值0.25～0.45ms/cm。     

花蓟马与向日葵籽粒锈斑发生的关系

向日葵是我国重要的油料经济作物,籽粒锈斑近几年在向日葵籽粒上发生,严重影响向日葵籽粒的品质,然而关于向日葵籽粒锈斑的成因目前并不清楚。本文在内蒙古向日葵主产区,选择向日葵籽粒锈斑发生严重的区域,通过大田套袋技术并结合室内接虫试验,对向日葵籽粒锈斑的成因进行初步探索。结果表明,2020年五原县、乌拉特前旗及2021年五原县向日葵经套袋处理后,花蓟马Frankliniella intonsa Trybom的数量分别比对照降低了13.23、1.33头和191.53头,向日葵籽粒锈斑的发病率比对照(未套袋)相应降低了28.19%、12.07%和60.02%,与对照有极显著差异(P<0.01),花蓟马数量与向日葵籽粒锈斑的发病率呈现出显著的正相关关系。同时,室内在向日葵花盘上接种花蓟马后向日葵籽粒锈斑的发病率为22.67%,而未接虫的向日葵籽粒锈斑没有发病。另外,统计显示向日葵花盘外侧花蓟马数量显著大于中间和内层,向日葵籽粒锈斑发病率也呈现相同的规律。由此推测,向日葵籽粒锈斑的发生主要与花蓟马的活动有关,花蓟马可能是造成向日葵籽粒锈斑的主要成因。     

基于因素空间的油葵联合收获机故障诊断推理机制

当油葵联合收获机出现脱粒滚筒堵塞等故障时会影响联合收割机作业效率,而缺少自动故障早期预警手段的问题日益突出。为此,以因素空间理论为基础,研究了油葵联合收获机的故障诊断问题。在因素空间中,油葵联合收获机故障通过将其征兆因素集综合起来进行描述,通过因素分析得到故障诊断类型;并构建了装备故障诊断知识库和推理机制,进行了油葵联合收获机故障诊断仿真。仿真结果表明:基于因素空间理论的故障诊断方法能够成功地诊断出其故障类型,对油葵作物联合收获机的科学维护及可靠运行提供重要的参考。     

滴灌灌水量对复播油葵耗水特性和产量的影响

2010年通过大田滴灌试验,研究了不同灌水量对复播油葵耗水特性和产量的影响。在灌水次数相同的情况下,设置了4个灌水处理,灌水定额分别为30、37.5、45、60mm。试验结果表明,复播油葵全生育期耗水量,开花期>现蕾期>苗期>灌浆期>成熟期;回归分析初步得出,滴灌油葵适宜的灌溉定额范围为285.19～287.67mm。