向日葵小菌核病防治措施的研究

本文通过对向日葵小菌核病（Ｓｄｅｒｏｔｉｎｉａ．ｍｉｎｏｒＪａｇｇｅｒ）的防治措施研究，明确了早期拔除病株，收获时及时清理病残秸杆，３年以上轮作，迟播种期到６月１日左右，采用５０％速克灵可湿性粉剂３７５０～７５００ｍｌ／ｈｍ￣２，５０％强力杀菌剂水剂３７５０～７５００ｍｌ／ｈｍ￣２，具有较好的防治效果。     

水氮耦合对滴灌复播油葵光合特性和土壤水分利用的影响

为了解水氮耦合对新疆北部石河子地区滴灌复播油葵光合特性和土壤水分利用的影响,以当地油葵主栽早熟品种新葵杂五号为试料,在滴灌条件下进行水氮两因素三水平完全处理小区试验。结果表明,滴灌复播油葵耕层耗水量随生育进程的变化规律为:开花期现蕾期灌浆期苗期成熟期,现蕾期和开花期是2个需水关键期,尤其开花期对水分最敏感;耕层(0~40cm)耗水量随灌水定额和施氮量的增加而增大;灌水量3 000 m~3·hm~(-2)、纯施氮量232 kg·hm~(-2)的水氮组合在土壤水分利用效率和油葵产量方面表现出显著的耦合效果。本研究为寻求滴灌复播油葵高效水氮优化方案和水氮高效利用提供了科学依据。     

河套灌区中低产田油用向日葵肥料效应分析

为了确定内蒙古河套灌区中低产田油用向日葵氮、磷、钾肥料效应,采用三因素二次通用旋转设计法,对该灌区油用向日葵进行氮、磷、钾施肥试验研究。结果表明,河套灌区施用氮、磷、钾均对油用向日葵产量有显著的增产效果,并能用三元二次多项式进行模拟表达。最高理论产量可达4331.55 kg/hm2;最佳产量为4252.35 kg/hm2,氮、磷、钾的经济效益最佳配比为6.91:3.31:1。根据产量施肥的边际利润率值,可求出不同施肥成本的利润,从而选用投资少、获利高的施肥方案。     

铵态氮抑制向日葵生长的作用机制初步探讨

采用营养液培养方法,研究了细胞膨压的下降与铵态氮(NH4+-N)抑制向日葵生长的关系。结果表明,与硝态氮(NO3--N)相比,铵态氮明显抑制了向日葵的生长,表现在生物量明显降低,顶部展开叶的叶面积显著下降,地上部和顶部展开叶的含水量下降。同时还发现,虽然铵态氮处理向日葵叶片的渗透势与硝态氮处理间差异不显著,但其水势和膨压明显低于硝态氮处理;铵态氮供应使向日葵最大展开叶中K+,Ca2+,NO3-等离子浓度显著下降。说明细胞膨压的下降是铵态氮导致向日葵生长受阻的主要原因之一。     

Effects of different forms and origins of oilseeds on dynamics of ruminal biohydrogenation of long‐chain fatty acids in vitro

Dietary unsaturated fatty acids (FA) are intensively hydrogenated in the rumen, resulting in reduced amount of poly‐unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and accumulation of several biohydrogenation (BH) products. In this study, BH of PUFA originating from different oilseeds (linseed, soya beans, sunflower seed and rapeseed) present in crushed oilseeds or their free oils were assessed in vitro. The assay substrates were incubated in buffered rumen fluid for 0, 6, 12 and 24 h. After incubation, the FA pattern of the incubated samples was analysed using gas chromatography. Biohydrogenation is defined as disappearance of double bonds (DB) calculated from the contents of unsaturated FA. After 24‐h incubation, the DB contents of all oilseeds were reduced (p < 0.001) by 40–60%. The reduction was higher (p < 0.001) for the crushed form compared with the oil form. In addition, linseed and sunflower seed known as oilseeds with high contents of linolenic acid C18:3 c9,12,15 (LNA) and linoleic acid C18:2 c9,12 (LA), respectively, showed a higher (p < 0.001) accumulation of the BH intermediates conjugated linoleic acid (CLA, isomer C18:2 c9t11) and vaccenic acid (C18:1 t11) for the crushed form, when compared with the oil. These results suggest an inherent effect of the physical form of the assay oilseeds on in vitro BH. Changes in FA pattern during BH in vitro can be attributed to both source and physical form of the assay oilseeds. However, further investigations are warranted to ensure whether the observed in vitro effects on ruminal BH can be confirmed in vivo.     

食用向日葵新品种酒葵143选育报告

为了给甘肃省向日葵产业健康持续发展提供高产、优质、抗病抗逆性强的向日葵品种,酒泉市农业科学研究院以自育不育系XF118A为母本、恢复系FK1421C为父本杂交,对杂交组合进行配合力测定、田间鉴定及考种,选育出食用向日葵杂交种酒葵143。在2018 — 2019年多点区域试验中, 2 a 10点(次)有8点(次)增产,平均折合产量4 095.8 kg/hm2,较对照品种JK601增产8.0%。该品种中熟,生育期113 d,株高204.1 cm;结实率87.6%,籽仁率53.8%;籽粒长锥形,长2.48 cm、宽0.93 cm。籽粒蛋白质含量127.0 g/kg,含油率26.32%。中抗菌核病、黄萎病,高抗黑斑病、褐斑病。适宜在甘肃省河西、中部地区及其他类似生态区春播种植。     

弓形钳叶甲为害棉花和向日葵调查初报

2018年5月在新疆阜康发现弓形钳叶甲 Labidostomis arcuata Pic成虫高密度发生, 严重为害棉花、向日葵幼苗。本文介绍了此次弓形钳叶甲的发生为害情况, 并分析了其可能成因。这是该虫在我国为害农作物的首次报道。     

气相色谱-串联质谱法测定葵花籽中28种农药残留

建立了气相色谱-串联质谱(GC-MS/MS)测定葵花籽中咯菌腈、氯氰菊酯、异丙甲草胺等28种农药残留的方法。样品经乙腈提取,凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)及固相萃取(SPE)净化,GCMS/MS测定,多反应监测模式(MRM)分析,外标法定量。结果表明:采用凝胶渗透色谱及固相萃取净化可有效排除大部分干扰成分;在0.01~0.5 mg/L范围内,28种农药的峰面积与对应的质量浓度间呈良好的线性关系,决定系数R2>0.994;在50、100和200 μg/kg 3个添加水平下,各农药的平均回收率在74%~120%之间,相对标准偏差在0.9%~9.5% (n=5)之间,定量限在0.2~7.6 μg/kg之间。该方法灵敏、准确、可靠,能满足农药残留检测的要求,可用于监测葵花籽生产过程中的农药残留。     

向日葵新品种龙食葵2号的应用效果及评价

龙食葵2号自2003年登记推广以来,因其在产量和品质等方面的领先优势以及与之相配套的高产栽培技术,近年来在黑龙江省迅速推广种植,2003-2008年累计推广面积20万hm2以上,总产量可达5亿kg,产值20亿元,农民可增加纯收入2亿元以上。龙食葵2号的推广应用,极大地促进了黑龙江省食用向日葵生产的发展。