烤烟对硫素的田间吸收利用规律研究

 应用³⁵S放射性核素标记技术,研究了烤烟对硫素的田间利用规律。结果表明:（1）烤烟在红壤上对硫酸钾肥中的硫素利用率为13.61%～37.3%. 硫素利用率随施硫量的提高而降低。（2）烤烟从施入的肥料中吸收的硫占烟株全硫量的42%～59%,不同SO₄^2-施用量处理烟株从肥料之外（空气、降水、土壤）吸收的硫量占烟株全硫量的41%～58%. 施硫对提高烟株利用土壤中的硫素具有“激发效应”。（3）烟株吸硫总量随施硫量的提高而增加;施硫水平2～10 kg/千株烟,烟叶含硫量均（S%）<0.7%. （4）红壤中全硫呈均匀分布,烤烟施肥进入土壤中的SO₄^2-离子有向中下层淋溶迁移趋势。     

稻-稻-油种植制硫肥效应及硫素平衡研究

研究了稻-稻-油种植制硫肥效应及土壤硫素平衡,结果表明:不同硫肥品种在水稻上的增产效应以硫酸钾最好,硫磺次之;在油菜上以石膏最好,硫磺次之。硫素当季利用率早稻为7 5%,晚稻为10.9%,油菜为29 6%。在不施硫条件下,土壤硫素表现亏缺;在施低量硫条件下(每季作物施硫15kg/hm2)基本上可以保持土壤硫素的平衡;在施中、高量硫条件下,土壤硫素均有不同程度盈余。施用硫肥具有明显的后效,连续两年施用硫肥后,可以隔年或隔季不施。     

硫元素对蔬菜地土壤NO3-淋溶损失的影响

通过温室盆栽淋洗试验,研究了硫元素对蔬菜地土壤NO-3淋溶损失和土壤无机氮含量的影响.结果表明在12周试验期间,与对照相比,在种葱和不种葱条件下,硫元素处理土壤NO-3-N累积淋失量均降低83%左右,NH+4-N累积淋失量分别增加20.3和24.9 mgpot-1,无机氮(NH+4-N+NO-3-N)淋失量则均降低60%左右;试验结束后,其土壤无机氮浓度分别增高82.7%和74.8%,且主要为NH+4-N.类似结果也在S2O2-3处理中发现,但SO2-4处理则无此现象.可见硫元素施入土壤后可抑制土壤氮的淋失,其作用机制是由硫元素氧化产生的S2O2-3作用所致.鉴于S2O2-3使用量是硫元素的1.4倍,而后者效果仍然比前者好,因此认为硫元素是适用于蔬菜土壤的硝化抑制剂之一,特别是有效硫较低的土壤.     

金川地区SO2对树木和环境的影响

根据对金川地区SO_2气体对植物(主要指树木)的危害,树木对SO_2的抗性、净化作用的调查分析,通过总结成功的经验,提出金川公司企业环境保护及防污绿化的模式。     

黑龙江省主要土壤硫的形态及其有效性的研究（Ⅰ）

在测定黑龙江省几种主要土壤耕层（０～２０ｃｍ）中全硫和有效硫含量的基础上，进一步采用化学连续浸提法测定了土壤４种形态硫，即水溶性硫、吸附性硫、盐酸可溶性硫和有机硫。并通过各种形态硫含量间相关分析和生物试验，说明土壤４种形态硫中，以水溶性硫的有效性最高，它同有效硫的相关系数达到极显著水平，ｒ＝０．９９６７。同生物试验小麦，洋葱植株含硫量间相关数分别达到极显著和显著水平，ｒ＝０．９８９４和０．９０５４。吸附性硫的有效性居中，它同有效硫的相关系数达到显著水平，ｒ＝０．５０１２。盐酸可溶性硫和有机硫的有效性较低，盐酸可溶性流与有效硫和全硫无明显相关。有机硫与全硫的相关系数达到极显著水平，ｒ＝０．９６５３。     

供硫浓度对油菜吸收转化硫的影响

用６个硫浓度的［（ＮＮ＿４）＿２￣３５ＳＯ＿４］营养液，在砂培条件下培养移栽一个月后的油菜苗，标记后两周收获植株．放射性测定结果表明，在硫浓度为１０ｍｇ·Ｌ￣（－１）和２５ｍｇ·Ｌ￣（－１）时，油菜对硫的吸收率约８７％；在５０，１００，２００ｍｇ·Ｌ￣（－１）时的吸收率为６０％左右；在４００ｍｇ·Ｌ￣（－１）时下降为４３％．供硫浓度（ｍｇ·Ｌ￣（－１））从１０增加到２５时，油菜植株中的ＳＯ形态硫增加最多，硫苷态硫增加的比例最小；供硫浓度（ｍｇ·Ｌ￣（－１））从２５增加到２００时们以ＳＯ形态硫增加最明显，氨基酸硫增加幅度最小；供硫浓度（ｍｇ·Ｌ￣（－１））从２００到４００时，植株中的各种形态的硫增加比例更小．供硫浓度１０ｍｇ·Ｌ￣（－１）时，植株内以蛋白质和硫苷为主，随着供硫浓度增加，二者的相对含量减少并趋于平衡，而后转以Ｓ０形态的硫占优势，氨基酸硫的含量与供硫浓度的关系不明显．     

Effect of feeding a pellet diet containing high sulphur with fresh cassava root supplementation on feed use efficiency,ruminal characteristics and blood metabolites in Thai native beef cattle

The objective of this experiment was to study the effect of feeding pellet containing high sulphur (PELFUR) diet and fresh cassava root (FCR) to Thai native beef cattle on feed use efficiency, ruminal characteristics and blood metabolites. Four male purebred Thai native beef cattle (1.5–2.0 years old) with initial body weight (BW) of 150 ± 15.0 kg were allocated with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement in a 4 × 4 Latin square design. Factor A was FCR supplementation at 15 and 20 g/kg of BW. Factor B was the sulphur level in the PELFUR ration at 15 and 30 g/kg of dry matter (DM). No interaction effect was found among FCR supplementation and PELFUR in terms of feed intake and nutrient intake (p > 0.05). Cyanide intake was significantly increased based on FCR supplementation (p < 0.05), whereas sulphur intake was increased by level addition of PELFUR levels (p < 0.05). There were interaction effects among FCR supplementation and PELFUR on digestibility coefficients of DM and organic matter (OM) (p < 0.05). FCR supplementation at 20 g/kg BW with PELFUR 30 g/kg demonstrated the highest digestibility of DM and OM. Moreover, interactions were observed between FCR and PELFUR for bacterial populations (p < 0.01). The populations of bacteria were highest in FCR supplementation at 20 g/kg BW with PELFUR 30 g/kg at various feeding times. An interaction effect from among feeding FCR with PELFUR was found on blood thiocyanate concentrations at various feeding times (p < 0.01). The highest mean values of blood thiocyanate were observed when feeding FCR at 20 g/kg BW with PELFUR at 30 g/kg. No interaction effect was found between FCR and PELFUR on total volatile fatty acids (VFA) and their profiles (p > 0.05). However, the proportions of the total VFA at 0 and 4 h post-feeding were increased when FCR at 20 g/kg BW was supplemented (p < 0.01). FCR at 20 g/kg BW could enhance propionate (C3) at 4 h post-feeding when compared with FCR at 15 g/kg BW (p < 0.01). Moreover, supplementation of PELFUR at 30 g/kg increased the total VFA at 0 and 4 h post-feeding, whereas the concentration of C3 at 4 h post-feeding was enhanced (p < 0.05). However, no significant changes were found for any parameters among treatments and between the main effect of FCR and PELFUR supplementation (p > 0.05). In conclusion, feeding of two combinations (FCR 20 g/kg BW with PELFUR 30 g/kg) could promote the nutrient digestibility, the bacterial populations and the rate of disappearance of cyanide without having any adverse effect on rumen fermentation.     

应用~（35）S示踪技术研究油菜对硫的吸收与运转

将（３５）￣ＳＯ应用于土壤、叶面和荚表面，根据对成熟植株各部位放射性的测定，了解不同时期油菜对硫的吸收、运转和分配。试验表明，油菜对施于土壤中（３５）￣Ｓ的吸收以花期最高，苔期其次，移栽期最低。除苔期外，其他时期有４０％从土壤吸收的（３５）￣Ｓ运往籽粒。应用于顶部４叶的（３５）Ｓ，在成熟植株中回收约５０％，包括留在标记叶的２０％左右。从荚中的回收率除苗期较低外，其他时期在２１％～２３％范围内，其中大部分在分枝荚。开花后不同时期应用于主茎荚表面的（３５）Ｓ，有１３％～１６．８％转移到主茎荚内籽粒中，运往分枝荚籽粒中的不到１０％。     

缓释化肥再认识

本文针对缓释肥的概念、研究对象、生产成本和对生态环境的影响等方面作了论述。文章强调,在室内纯水中获得的缓释肥特性测定值与将其施入田间土壤后的实际缓释值将有很大偏差;缓释肥单位养分的成本、售价将比普通肥显著提高;缓释肥在生产、运输过程中的能耗,特别是随产品带入土壤的过量硫、聚烯烃和甲醛等有害物质,将对生态环境产生不可低估的负面影响。论文提供了评价缓释肥农化性质的若干建议:如用土壤真溶液替代纯水去测定缓释肥的溶解特性;开展缓释肥的15N同位素标记研究以及规范田间与小区肥效试验等。     

Characterization of ester sulphate in a gypsum-amended podzol using an immobilized sulphatase reactor

An immobilized sulphatase reactor column was successfully used to determine the biochemical stability of ester sulphate in soil organic matter extracted from a podzol amended with gypsum. The sulphatase from Helix pomatia was covalently attached to controlled-porosity glass beads, and the immobilized enzyme was packed into a small glass column. The optimum pH, the time required to reach equilibrium, and the percentage of substrate consumed for the enzymatic hydrolysis of soil ester sulphate (pH 7.7, 90 min, 23–59%) were substantially different from those of p-nitrophenyl sulphate at similar concentrations of substrate (pH 7.0, 40 min, 99%). The striking difference in the biochemical stability and kinetic behaviour between soil ester sulphate and the simple synthetic substrate reflected their different chemical nature and structural features. The amounts of enzymatically hydrolysable (labile) ester sulphate in soil organic matter extracted from the podzol amended with gypsum at rates of 0, 50, and 200 kg S ha^-1 were significantly different (P=0.0004), being 0.5, 1.1, and 1.4 g S ml^-1 soil extract (or 5, 11, and 14 g S g^-1 soil), respectively. The labile ester sulphate was not correlated with the total hydriodic acid-reducible organic sulphate with the soil organic matter extracts but with the hydriodic acid-reducible organic sulphate: organic C ratio, which increased as a result of gypsum amendment. This study revealed that input of inorganic sulphate as gypsum substantially increased the accumulation of labile ester sulphate in a podzol.