Soil tillage for crop production and for protection of soil and environmental quality: a Scandinavian viewpoint

Based on experience from 35 years of tillage research in Sweden, future development of soil tillage is discussed and some research problems are identified. Tillage and seeding methods must be more carefully adapted to conditions at individual sites and occasions. Low-pressure typres, better weed control and improved seed coulters favour the increased use of reduced tillage. In order to diminish the impact of agriculture on the environment, it is necessary to develop methods for establishment of crops in the early spring or immediately after harvest, even in soils with large amounts of crop residues or high moisture content. The roles of tillage methods, and of soil compaction and structure on environmental impact of agriculture must be investigated. World food production must increase, since the world population is rapidly increasing. Therefore, it is necessary to develop improved crop production systems, including crop establishment systems, which favour efficient use of basic crop growth factors, while protecting or increasing soil productivity. Compaction, decreased organic matter content, and erosion are important long-term threats to soil productivity.     

草坪草茎建植技术及管理

用草坪草茎建植草坪是草坪绿地无性繁殖的重要方法。改草皮铺植为草茎播植,并采用机械收集、加工草茎,贮存草茎,人工撒播,精细管理的方法繁殖草坪。这种方法人工费较少,运输量小,播种简单,繁殖系数高,成坪快,坪用性状好,成本低,值得推广应用。     

退化人工草地更新效果观测

利用草地建植方法,对１７５．７ｈｍ＾２退化人工草地进行了更新改良,结果,当年平均干草产量达３５７０ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２比未更新地带提高２０５８ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２;播种牧草相对重量６５．９％,未更新地带１５．１％,优势度由重建前的２７．０％上升至６１．８％,恶性杂草竞争力下降,基本形成白叶＋黑麦草＋鸭茅＋画眉草＋红三叶＋狗尾草＋白茅＋蒿类的格局。     

植物资源库的建立和管理

文章阐述了保护和开发植物资源的重要性，据此提出了要建立植物资源库以保存珍、稀濒危植物的种质资源。并根据植物资源库建立的规模，提出了具体的规划方案和管理措施。同时论证了植物资源库的利用价值。     

绵羊妊娠识别、建立和维持的信号系统

妊娠的建立和维持归因于胚体的信号和黄体对孕酮的产生,在反刍动物,胚体滋养层分泌的激素抑制子宫内膜产生前列腺素PGF2α。在发情周期的绵羊,孕酮下调子宫内膜腔上皮和子宫腺上皮孕酮受体基因的表达,并伴随着上皮雌激素受体和催产素受体的增加。在催产素的作用下,子宫开始分泌溶黄体作用的前列腺素F2α。在妊娠绵羊,孕体滋养层产生的干扰素可作用于子宫内膜而直接抑制雌激素受体基因和催产素受体基因的转录。孕酮、干扰素、胎盘催乳素和生殖激素共同组成了一个"作用网络"来调节子宫的功能分化和子宫腺的形态发生,从而维持绵羊妊娠。本文综述了绵羊妊娠识别、建立和维持的信号系统。     

A minute P application contributes to a better establishment of pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.) seedling in P deficient soils

Many soils of the semi-arid tropics are deficient in P, and under such adverse conditions, the establishment of pearl millet seedlings is a critical step to achieve satisfactory crop stands. Phosphorus fertilizer is expensive for small holder farmers and is only applied at low rates, insufficient to give satisfactory crop stands. Methods are needed to enhance productivity at low rates of application. Here, we tested the hypothesis that a minute application of P at early seedling stage, equivalent to 125–500 g P/ha, would enhance the plant establishment under P-limiting conditions. We measured the minimum application of P needed to elicit a response of different genotypes. Pot experiments were conducted with pearl millet ( Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.) hybrids to measure the response to P placed close to the root system, 5 days after sowing (DAS), compared with a non-limiting P control (DAP). The placement treatments were 0, 0.25, 0.50, and 1.0 mg soluble P per seedling, applied as KH₂PO₄ solution. The localized placement of P increased biomass in all three soils tested. In one soil, plant biomass at 1000 μL (1 mg P) reached about 50% of the non limited control. If applied later than 19 DAS the placement had no effect on the plant biomass. Hybrid ICMP 451-P8 was more responsive than hybrid 81B-P6. Placement to 20 inbred lines of pearl millet increased biomass by an average of 105% compared with no placement with large genotypic variation. Although this work was not intended to be a way of applying P fertilizer to pearl millet under field conditions, it showed that applying minute amount of P to pearl millet seedling (equivalent to 125–500 g P/ha) enhanced their establishment and led to improved growth for at least 5–6 weeks after sowing. Further work is in progress to develop a feasible technology for field crops based on the results of this study.     

一种恢复渠道中线测量的快捷方法

渠道是农田水利建设的一个重要工程，渠道测量在渠道兴、改、扩建中具有重要的地位和作用。仅就施工过程中如何快捷恢复渠道中线的测量方法作了探讨，并对恢复中线的精度作了相应分析。     

种子直播建立高标准银杏采叶园技术的研究

专用型银杏采叶园，已成为当今银杏栽培的最主要模式。种子直播建立银杏采叶园，使生产成本大大地降低，实现了当年投资当年取得显著的经济效益。笔者从①种子的选择；②种子贮藏与播种方法；③覆盖技术；④根外补肥技术入手，旨在解决种子建园中的出芽率问题、病害问题、采叶量问题。为我省的银杏采叶园建设提供量的参考。     

热科院行政效能监察建设初探

对中国热带农业科学院行政效能监察的现状与问题进行分析,并针对这些问题提出提高对行政效能监察内涵的认识,延伸行政效能监察工作触角,建立完善的领导体制和工作机制,增强行政效能监察工作的针对性,完善行政效能监察工作的制度建设等行政效能监察建设的措施。     

乡村社区总体营造发展模式之探讨

乡村地区之社区总体营造是目前台湾近年来各公部门所极力推行的社区再造运动，发展模式主要是以民间力量为基础。相关部门所扮演的角色则是经费及技术支持者。由于社区总体营造所涵盖的范畴极为广泛，因此大部分营造成功的社区是在推动社造初期时就将社区未来的发展定位的某个范围里。以台湾彰化县仑雅乡村为例。发展成生态社区、人文社区、古迹文化社区等多种范围的定位，有明确的定位后在逐渐发展出社区未来营造的主轴，随着营造主轴有顺序的制定发展方针。现已成功地让乡村民众能够透过概念式的构想延伸至发展策略来进行社区营造的实际进行。并且有效的提升社区民众参与公共事务的比例。让推动者藉由社造概念的启发了解社区未来营造的方向及目标。