吡虫啉对稻虱缨小蜂的致死和亚致死效应研究

设定2种吡虫啉浓度(有效浓度分别为37.5、15.0 g·hm~(-2)),探讨其对褐飞虱的卵寄生蜂稻虱缨小蜂的毒性.剂的对照[死亡率为(1.67±1.67)%].携带稻虱缨小蜂幼体的稻苗经高浓度吡虫啉处理后,稻虱缨小蜂的羽化率为(83.53±1.81)%,显著地低于未经药剂处理的对照(92.09±0.75)%.吡虫啉对稻虱缨小蜂的致死中浓度(LC_(50))为790.89 μg·kg~(-1).稻虱缨小蜂接触250、500μg·kg~(-1) 2种亚致死浓度吡虫啉后,分别有40%和65%残存个体未能对褐飞虱为害稻株挥发物作出反应;而作出反应的个体亦不能区分虫害稻株与健康稻株的气味.然而,接触2种亚致死浓度吡虫啉后,存活的稻虱缨小蜂对褐飞虱利它素的行为反应及对褐飞虱卵的寄生率无明显改变.     

溴氰菊酯和辛硫磷亚致死剂量对甜菜夜蛾酶活性的影响

研究了溴氰菊酯和辛硫磷亚致死剂量处理后,甜菜夜蛾羧酸酯酶(CarE)、谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(GST)、乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)的活性变化规律,结果表明:经辛硫磷亚致死剂量5.20mg/kg和溴氰菊酯亚致死剂量0.73mg/kg处理后,甜菜夜蛾体内CarE和GST均被不同程度的抑制,辛硫磷处理后24h时与对照相比AChE活性下降了24.87%,而溴氰菊酯对AChE活性没有明显抑制作用。     

哒螨灵对酢浆草岩螨的亚致死效应

酢浆草岩螨是为害红花酢浆草最为严重的害螨,哒螨灵作为一类广谱、触杀性杀螨剂可高效防治该害螨。为明确哒螨灵对酢浆草岩螨的亚致死效应,为酢浆草岩螨综合防控和哒螨灵的合理使用提供理论依据,采用叶片浸渍法测定哒螨灵对酢浆草岩螨的毒力,通过毒力回归方程得出哒螨灵对酢浆草岩螨的亚致死剂量LC₁₀、LC₂₀,采用建立生命表的方法评估哒螨灵亚致死剂量对酢浆草岩螨生长发育、繁殖力和生命表参数的影响。结果表明,经哒螨灵亚致死剂量LC₁₀、LC₂₀处理后,酢浆草岩螨生殖力显著下降(P<0.05),F₀和F₁代单雌产卵量分别下降了53.37%、55.46%与41.34%、45.24%;产卵期显著缩短(P<0.05),F₀和F₁代产卵期分别缩短了3.11、4.75 d与3.47、2.81 d;成螨寿命也显著缩短(P<0.05),F₀和F₁代成螨寿命分别缩短了1.45、2.04 d与3.24、4.00 d。此外,经哒螨灵LC₁₀、LC₂₀处理后,酢浆草岩螨F₁代净增殖率(R₀)、内禀增长率(r_m)、周限增长率(λ)与对照相比均显著下降(R₀由对照的28.54分别降低至16.91、15.48;r_m由对照的0.1650分别降低至0.1276、0.1249;λ由对照的1.1794分别降低至1.1435、1.1330;P<0.05),平均世代历期(T)、种群加倍时间(Dt)均显著延长(T由对照的20.31 d分别延长至22.17、21.94 d;Dt由对照的4.20 d分别延长至5.43、5.55 d;P<0.05)。由此可见,哒螨灵亚致死剂量对酢浆草岩螨试验种群的增长有抑制作用。     

Disruption of mating in codling moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) by chlorantranilipole, an anthranilic diamide insecticide

The influence of the anthranilic diamide insecticide chlorantranilipole (DPX-E2Y45; Rynaxypyr against the adult stage of codling moth, Cydia pomonella L., was examined. Insecticide residues in plastic cups sprayed with 56 mg AI L(-1) (equivalent to the recommended field rate) had a minimal effect on adult survival or fecundity, but significantly fewer female moths were mated in treated than in untreated cups. Similar results were found in field studies with adults placed in screened cages on treated apple foliage for up to 3 weeks. Mating was disrupted when either sex was topically dosed with technical material (0.01-0.1 microg). Males were more sensitive to the disruptive effects of chlorantranilipole than females. A 2 h exposure significantly reduced male activity (walking and wing fanning), but not female calling. A 25 h exposure significantly reduced the activity of both sexes. The proportion of males landing near a sex pheromone source in a flight tunnel was significantly reduced following exposures of 2-4 h and completely eliminated following a 17 h exposure. Male moths partially recovered from either topical or residual exposure to chlorantranilipole, but the extent of their recovery was dose and time dependent. Male response to sex pheromone recovered within 2 h following a 4 h exposure, but following a 17 h exposure only a partial recovery occurred after 48 h. Mating by moth pairs exposed to chlorantranilipole residues for 24 h did not significantly increase during recovery periods of 24-96 h, except in cups treated with 10% of the standard concentration. The proportion of field-collected female codling moths caught in pear ester-baited traps that were mated was significantly lower in apple orchards treated season-long with chlorantranilipole compared with females caught in either untreated orchards or those treated with sex pheromones to cause mating disruption.     

阿维菌素和阿维·吡虫啉对马铃薯桃蚜的亚致死效应

为了明确阿维菌素和阿维·吡虫啉不同亚致死剂量对马铃薯桃蚜F₀代成蚜和F₁代的干扰作用。通过在室内组建不同亚致死剂量下马铃薯桃蚜生命表的方法,分析了不同亚致死剂量对马铃薯桃蚜繁殖、发育和种群参数的影响。结果表明：用阿维菌素和阿维·吡虫啉LC₁₀、LC₂₅、LC₄₀分别处理马铃薯桃蚜成蚜后,成蚜的平均产蚜量显著小于对照,其平均寿命也显著短于对照。其中阿维·吡虫啉LC₄₀组的平均产蚜量最低,为9.52头,平均寿命最短,为8.07天。与对照组相比,F₁代的若蚜期显著延长,成蚜期显著缩短。对F₁代种群参数的影响体现在,净增殖率(R_o)、内禀增长率(r_m)以及周限增长率(λ)都显著降低,种群加倍时间(D_t)显著延长。即阿维菌素和阿维·吡虫啉不同亚致死剂量处理亲代成蚜后,会明显抑制其寿命和产蚜量,同时也可以有效控制F₁代种群再猖獗。     

非致死浓度农药对智利植绥螨繁殖和定居的影响

用6种农药的非致死浓度(LC_(n-13)),在实验室内处理菜豆叶的结果说明,对智利螨的繁殖有显著的影响。三氯杀螨醇(84ppm)、氧化乐果(1ppm)、速灭杀丁(0.2ppm)、氯氰菊酯(0.1ppm)、溴氰菊酯(0.025ppm)和灭扫利(0.026ppm)使智利螨的产卵量比对照分别减少35.3％,41.2％、20.8％,65.1％、49.4％和74.7％。用上述农药在温室处理菜豆植株的结果说明,当对照植株上的智利螨定居率为96.7％时,上述农药处理植株上的智利螨定居率依次为48.4％、50.0％、25.0％、11.7％,3.3％和6.7％。菊酯类农药对智利螨定居率的影响明显大于氧化乐果和三氯杀螨醇。植株上残留的微量农药不仅能影响智利螨繁殖能力,而且严重影响其定居率,在螨类的综防工作中值得引起重视。     

稻飞虱靶标杀虫剂亚致死剂量多代处理对两种赤眼蜂的影响

实验室条件下测定了四种稻飞虱杀虫剂吡虫啉、噻虫嗪、噻嗪酮和烯啶虫胺对稻螟赤眼蜂和螟黄赤眼蜂成蜂和蛹的毒性,以及亚致死剂量对两种赤眼蜂多代的影响。结果表明,四种杀虫剂对稻螟赤眼蜂成蜂中等风险;噻虫嗪对螟黄赤眼蜂成蜂中等风险,其他均安全。四种杀虫剂对两种赤眼蜂蛹均安全。亚致死剂量的噻虫嗪和烯啶虫胺处理可以刺激两种赤眼蜂的寄生力,该刺激作用并不会随着处理次数的增加而衰减。而吡虫啉和噻嗪酮显著降低螟黄赤眼蜂的寄生力,其中随着吡虫啉处理次数的增加,螟黄赤眼蜂的寄生力逐步降低。四种杀虫剂对子代羽化率无显著影响。四种杀虫剂对稻螟赤眼蜂的子代雌性比无显著影响;除吡虫啉外,在噻虫嗪、噻嗪酮和烯啶虫胺多代处理后,螟黄赤眼蜂的子代雌性比均有一定程度的下降。综上所述,如果在放蜂期间必须喷洒杀虫剂防治稻飞虱,建议要避开赤眼蜂成虫期,在放蜂4～6 d后优先选择噻嗪酮或烯啶虫胺。     

氯虫苯甲酰胺对桃小食心虫生长发育的亚致死效应

为明确亚致死浓度的氯虫苯甲酰胺连续处理对第4代桃小食心虫生物学特性的影响,本研究用LC10、LC30和LC50的氯虫苯甲酰胺处理的苹果分别继代饲养桃小食心虫（简称LC10、LC30和LC50种群）。以第4代初孵幼虫为起点记录其各阶段发育历期、存活率和繁殖力等数据,研究氯虫苯甲酰胺对桃小食心虫的亚致死效应。结果表明,LC30和LC50种群桃小食心虫的卵期与对照（CK）种群相比明显延长; LC50种群桃小食心虫的蛀果率、脱果率、幼虫存活率、世代存活率以及单雌平均产卵量均显著低于CK种群; CK、LC10、LC30和LC50种群单雌平均产卵量分别为(183.67±10.39)、(177.66±14.81)、(147.83±14.54)粒和(126.33±11.29)粒。桃小食心虫LC30和LC50种群与CK种群相比,内禀增长率、净生殖率和周限增长率显著降低,平均世代周期和种群加倍时间延长,相对适合度降低。     

不同浓度环氧虫啶对多异瓢虫成虫存活及繁殖的影响

【目的】 研究不同浓度环氧虫啶对多异瓢虫成虫存活及繁殖力等生命参数的影响。【方法】 利用喷雾塔进行定量喷雾,测定不同浓度环氧虫啶处理24 h后多异瓢虫成虫的存活情况,计算LC₂₀及LC₅₀。利用这2个浓度处理多异瓢虫成虫,逐日记录成虫的存活情况以及产卵量、卵孵化率。【结果】 环氧虫啶对多异瓢虫成虫的LC₂₀及LC₅₀分别为2.29和12.51 mg/L。经这2个浓度环氧虫啶处理后,多异瓢虫雌雄成虫寿命均显著缩短(P<0.05),产卵前期显著延长(P<0.05);对照组与LC₂₀处理组的产卵量差异不显著(P>0.05),但LC₅₀处理组产卵量显著降低(P<0.05);对照组卵孵化率显著高于2个处理组(P<0.05)。【结论】 环氧虫啶对多异瓢虫成虫具有一定的毒杀作用与亚致死效应。