多杀菌素亚致死浓度对小菜蛾解毒酶系活力的影响

采用多杀菌素亚致死浓度,以浸叶法分别处理小菜蛾Plutella xylostella (L.)敏感种群(SS)和亚致死选育种群 的3龄幼虫,分别测定饲喂处理6、12、24、48和72 h后小菜蛾体内羧酸酯酶(CarE)、谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(GST) 和多功能氧化酶(MFOs)的活性,分析了酶活性的变化动态。结果表明,SS种群小菜蛾CarE的活性在不同时间段波动较大,经多杀菌素处理后,开始时段比活力增加,随着处理时间的延长,比活力逐渐被抑制,Sub-SS种群的GarE活力高于SS种群;多杀菌素对GST具有明显的诱导作用,亚致死浓度处理后GSTs比活力呈上升趋势,且具有一定的时间效应;对细胞色素P450酶系的O-脱甲基酶活性具有明显的抑制作用,多杀菌素亚致死浓度连续处理5代后,该酶活性更低。     

甲氰菊酯和螺螨酯对二斑叶螨实验种群的亚致死效应

在室内研究了甲氰菊酯和螺螨酯亚致死剂量对二斑叶螨实验种群成螨和卵的影响。结果表明,甲氰菊酯亚致死剂量LC10处理成螨后,二斑叶螨的卵期、幼螨期、若螨期、成螨期及寿命均显著缩短,处理卵后各发育历期均显著低于对照;亚致死剂量LC20处理成螨后二斑叶螨的卵期、若螨期、成螨期及寿命均显著缩短,处理卵后各发育历期均低于对照,处理后F1代种群的内禀增长率rm由0.191 9增至0.193 4～0.205 9,对种群有刺激增殖作用。螺螨酯亚致死剂量LC10处理成螨后,卵期、若螨期显著延期长,处理卵后卵期、若螨期、产卵前期均长于对照;亚致死剂量LC20处理成螨后卵期、幼螨期显著延长,处理卵后卵期、若螨期、产卵前期均长于对照,螺螨酯两亚致死剂量处理成螨和卵后成螨期和寿命均缩短,处理后F1代种群的内禀增长率rm由0.191 9降低至0.149 9～0.150 8,对种群有抑制作用。     

A review of the effects of catch-and-release angling on black bass, Micropterus spp.: implications for conservation and management of populations

Abstract  This paper summarises recent peer-reviewed literature addressing the effects of catch-and-release angling on black bass, Micropterus spp., to facilitate management and conservation of these fish. Traditionally, the effects of catch and release have been evaluated by measuring mortality. Many recent studies have measured sublethal effects on physiology and behaviour. There is also greater emphasis on adding more realism to sublethal catch-and-release experiments through angler involvement in research activities and by conducting studies in the field rather than in laboratory environments. Owing to these advances, there have been a number of recent findings, which are summarised here, related to air exposure, gear (e.g. circle hooks) and the weigh-in procedure that are particularly relevant to black bass anglers, tournament organisers and fishery managers. Additional research is particularly needed for: (1) population-level effects of angling for nesting fish; (2) population-level effects of tournament-associated mortality; (3) effectiveness of livewell additives for enhancing survival; (4) consequences of fish displacement in competitive events; (5) effects of weigh-in procedures and other organisational issues on fish condition and survival; and (6) reducing barotrauma.     

Paradoxical effects of sublethal exposure to the naturally derived insecticide spinosad in the dengue vector mosquito,Aedes aegypti

BACKGROUND: Recent studies have indicated that spinosad, a mixture of two tetracyclic macrolide compounds produced during the fermentation of a soil actinomycete, may be suitable for controlling a number of medically important mosquito species, including the dengue vector, Aedes aegypti L. The authors determined the effects of a 1 h exposure to a 50% lethal concentration (LC₅₀) of spinosad in the larval stage on the wing length, longevity and reproductive capacity of the adult survivors. RESULTS: The LC₅₀ of spinosad for a wild‐caught population of Ae. aegypti from Chiapas, southern Mexico, was estimated to be 0.06 mg AI L^?1 in late third instars. Paradoxically, the female survivors of exposure to this concentration were significantly larger (as determined by wing length) laid more eggs, but were slightly less fertile than control females. This was probably due to elimination of the smaller and more susceptible fraction of mosquito larvae from the experimental population following spinosad treatment. Male survivors, in contrast, were significantly smaller than controls. No significant differences were detected in the adult longevity of treated and control insects of either sex. CONCLUSIONS: The increase in reproductive capacity of spinosad‐treated females did not compensate for mortality in the larval stage and would be unlikely to result in population increase in this mosquito under the conditions that were employed. Sustained‐release formulations would likely assist in minimizing the occurrence of sublethal concentrations of this naturally derived product in mosquito breeding sites. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

吡螨胺和哒螨灵亚致死剂量对截形叶螨的亚致死效应

通过吡螨胺（tebufenpyrad）和哒螨灵（pyridaben）的亚致死剂量处理截形叶螨（Tetranychustruncatus Ehara）成螨和螨卵,研究了两药剂对实验种群的亚致死效应。结果表明：吡螨胺和哒螨灵处理后当代成螨的每雌日均产卵量均有不同程度的降低,日平均产卵量、卵孵化率均低于对照; F1的卵期、幼螨期、若螨期延长显著,净增殖率低于对照、内禀增长率和周限增长率与对照差异不大。两药剂处理卵后,卵期、幼螨期、若螨期延长,净增殖率低于对照。吡螨胺和哒螨灵的亚致死剂量处理截形叶螨成螨和螨卵都无刺激增殖的作用,能延缓种群的发育速度。     

十一星瓢虫取食3种杀虫剂亚致死浓度处理棉蚜对其生长发育和繁殖的影响

【目的】研究十一星瓢虫取食氟啶虫酰胺、吡蚜酮、吡虫啉3种农药不同亚致死剂量处理棉蚜对其生长发育和繁殖的影响,为合理使用杀虫剂和协同生物防治防控棉蚜提供科学依据。【方法】根据3种不同农药对棉蚜的毒力测定结果,以供试药剂的LC₂₅、LC₅₀为处理浓度,采用浸叶法对棉蚜进行处理后,选取活体棉蚜作为十一星瓢虫的食物,分析对其生长发育和繁殖的影响。【结果】取食3种农药亚致死浓度处理的棉蚜,十一星瓢虫生长发育和繁殖均受到不同程度的影响。取食吡虫啉LC₂₅和LC₅₀处理的棉蚜,十一星瓢虫幼虫发育历期较对照分别延长3.01和4.57 d;取食吡蚜酮和氟啶虫酰胺LC₂₅和LC₅₀处理的棉蚜,其幼虫发育历期分别较对照延长0.09、0.50 d和1.48、1.64 d。取食吡虫啉LC₂₅和LC₅₀处理的棉蚜,十一星瓢虫产卵期明显缩短,分别较对照缩短2.56和3.46 d,其单雌产卵量分别较对照下降22.40%、32.45%,孵化率较对照分别下降9.57%、17.02%;十一星瓢虫取食氟啶虫酰胺和吡蚜酮亚致死剂量处理的棉蚜,其产卵量、卵孵化率等下降不明显。【结论】取食3种杀虫剂不同亚致死浓度处理后的棉蚜(害虫),对十一星瓢虫(天敌)的生长发育和繁殖均有不同程度的影响,其中吡虫啉较其他2种药剂影响更为明显,并且不同杀虫剂以及同一杀虫剂不同亚致死剂量对天敌的影响也有所不同。     

啶虫脒亚致死剂量对豌豆蚜生长发育和繁殖的影响

在室内毒力测定的基础上,采用离体叶片饲养法,研究了啶虫脒亚致死剂量(LC₂₅、LC₁₅、LC_5)对豌豆蚜生长发育和繁殖的影响。发现啶虫脒对豌豆蚜的致死中浓度LC₅₀为2.751 mg/L。不同亚致死剂量对豌豆蚜的生长发育和繁殖也均有显著影响。经不同亚致死剂量处理后,豌豆蚜若蚜发育历期明显延长,而成蚜期、成蚜产蚜天数、平均产蚜量和日平均产蚜量与对照相比明显缩短或降低,亚致死剂量越大差异越明显。表明了啶虫脒亚致死剂量对豌豆蚜生长发育和繁殖均具抑制作用。     

氟啶虫胺腈对中黑盲蝽发育繁殖及药剂敏感性亚致死效应

目的 研究亚致死浓度氟啶虫胺腈对中黑盲蝽发育和繁殖的影响,分析亚致死浓度处理下中黑盲蝽对其他药剂的敏感性变化。方法 采用生命表法,研究亚致死浓度氟啶虫胺腈处理对中黑盲蝽发育历期、羽化率、寿命和产卵的亚致死效应;采用浸渍法,测定亚致死浓度氟啶虫胺腈处理下中黑盲蝽对其他药剂的敏感性。结果 经LC₁₀和LC₂₅氟啶虫胺腈处理,中黑盲蝽3~5龄若虫历期分别比对照显著延长2.35 和4.19 d,产卵前期分别比对照显著延长3.6 和4 d,单雌产卵量分别比对照显著减少了11.93和13.23粒。经氟啶虫胺腈LC₁₀和LC₂₅处理,吡虫啉、呋虫胺、高效氯氟氰菊酯3种杀虫剂的LC₅₀在CK对照组中分别为187.18、506.35和153.22 mg/L,在LC₁₀处理组中分别为134.15、370.99和111.15 mg/L,在LC₂₅处理组中分别为86.90、271.15和97.60 mg/L。中黑盲蝽受氟啶虫胺腈亚致死浓度LC₁₀和LC₂₅处理,对吡虫啉、呋虫胺、高效氯氟氰菊酯3种杀虫剂的敏感性均增加。结论 氟啶虫胺腈亚致死浓度处理使中黑盲蝽发育迟缓且繁殖力降低,亚致死浓度处理增加中黑盲蝽对吡虫啉、呋虫胺、高效氯氟氰菊酯的敏感性。     

Toxicity and sublethal effects of an insecticidal soap on Aphidius colemani (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)

BACKGROUND: The effects of an insecticidal soap on the survival, fitness and behaviour of an aphid parasitoid wasp, Aphidius colemani (Viereck), were studied in the laboratory. The LC(50) (soap concentration causing 50% mortality 24 h after treatment) was determined. The survival of parasitoid larvae (% adult emergence), fitness (tibia length of adults) and number of eggs produced per female parasitoid that survived in third- and fourth-instar aphids treated with insecticidal soap LC(50) were also assessed. The LC(50) for third- and fourth-instar aphids was determined to be 3.25 g L(-1). Acceptance by female parasitoids of aphids that survived their LC(50) was also tested. RESULTS: The soap concentration causing 100% mortality in adult wasps 24 h after treatment was 17.5 g L(-1). The LC(50) was 2.75 g L(-1). Soap did not have any effect on the survival of parasitoid immatures or on the fitness or number of eggs produced per female parasitoid. Wasps that were in contact with treated aphids did not oviposit as much in them as in untreated aphids, indicating that female parasitoids detected aphids treated with insecticidal soap. CONCLUSION: These data suggest that aphid parasitoids released following treatment with insecticidal soap are likely to accept a lower proportion of the surviving aphids. Biological control programmes could be ameliorated by soap applications if the latter were made 1 day before the release of wasps in the greenhouse.