纵条纹炭角菌的研究进展

纵条纹炭角菌具有镇静、催眠等药用价值,已实现工厂化、规模化栽培。为探究纵条纹炭角菌的研究进展,对其分类学地位、生物学特性、人工培养、化学成分和生理活性等方面的文献进行综述,并提出未来研究的方向和应用前景。     

Genome-wide association study for spot blotch resistance in Afghan wheat germplasm

Spot blotch (SB), caused by Bipolaris sorokiniana, is a devastating disease of wheat globally, especially in South Asia and South America. Understanding the genetics of resistance to SB is important for developing breeding strategies to improve resistance. A panel of 301 genotypes from Afghanistan was phenotyped over two crop seasons using a mixture of virulent B. sorokiniana isolates and genotyped using DArTSeq to obtain genome-wide markers. Fifty genotypes (16.6%) showed disease scores less than the resistant control. Principal component analysis using the genotypic data clustered the genotypes into five different groups. Among models used for genome-wide association mapping, the multilocus mixed model, and fixed and random model circulating probability unification algorithms were most effective in identifying significant marker-trait associations (MTA). Twenty-five MTAs at p ≤ .001 were identified on chromosomes 1A, 1B, 1D, 2B, 2D, 3A, 3B, 4A, 5A, 5B, 6A, 7A, and 7D, indicating the quantitative nature of resistance to SB. Phenotypic variation explained by these markers ranged from 2.0% to 17.7%, and genomic regions on the chromosomes 1D, 2D, 3A, 3B, 4A, 5A, and 5B coincided with loci identified in previous studies. Three single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers on chromosomes 1B (SNP 1113207) and 5A (SNPs 5411867 and 998276) were significant in both crop seasons as well as in the combined analysis across seasons. Marker 5411867 is close to Vrn-A1, shown to be associated with SB in previous studies. Furthermore, among known SB resistance genes, Sb2 on chromosome 5B was predicted to be significant in this panel.     

不同位置秸秆覆盖条件下土壤水盐运动实验研究

以地下水与土壤水动力学理论为基础,通过对不同地下水埋深不同位置秸秆覆盖试验资料分析,建立了土壤水分运动数学模型,并进行了数值模拟,试验实测数据与模型计算值吻合较好,说明所建立的模型是可行的。并以此为基础,分析了不同地下水埋深不同位置秸秆覆盖土壤含盐量,得出地表以下30 cm处秸秆覆盖的土壤含盐量大于地表表层秸秆覆盖的土壤含盐量,这为新疆地区控制潜水蒸发改良盐碱地研究提供了可靠的基础依据。     

广东省农业科学院蚕桑资源多元化利用研究进展

近年来,我国蚕桑产业已由原来单一的“种桑养蚕”发展到“种桑养人”和“种桑养畜”多业态并举的发展模式,广东省农业科学院为我国蚕桑产业新业态的形成和发展做出了重要贡献。该院蚕业与农产品加工研究所是我国最早开始从事蚕桑资源多元化利用与新产品开发的科研单位之一,通过以果叶两用、无核三倍体桑树品种粤椹大10的成功选育和推广为契机,桑椹果汁、桑椹果酒、桑叶茶、桑枝灵芝和维力康胶囊等一批新技术和新产品引领了全国蚕桑产业多元化发展,积极推动了传统蚕桑产业转型升级。围绕广东省农业科学院近30年来在蚕桑资源食药用、饲料用和肥料用研究现状,重点综述了在蚕桑资源多元化加工利用方面取得的进展,并展望了未来发展趋势。     

Hybrid breeding for biomass yield in winter triticale: II. Combining ability and hybrid prediction

Accurate hybrid prediction and knowledge about the relative contribution of general (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) are of utmost importance for efficient hybrid breeding. We therefore evaluated 91 triticale single-cross hybrids in field trials at seven environments for plant height, heading time, fresh biomass, dry matter content and dry biomass. Fresh and dry biomass showed the highest proportion (23%) of variance due to SCA. Prediction accuracies based on GCA were slightly higher than based on mid-parent values. Utilizing parental kinship information yielded the highest prediction accuracies when both parental lines have been tested in other hybrid combinations, but still moderate-to-low prediction accuracies for two untested parents. Thus, hybrid prediction for biomass traits in triticale is currently promising based on mid-parent values as emphasized by our simulation study, but can be expected to shift to GCA-based prediction with an increasing importance of GCA due to selection in hybrid breeding. Moreover, the performance of potential hybrids between newly developed lines can be predicted with moderate accuracy using genomic relationship information.     

陆上输油管道溢油扩散规律及泄漏后果研究进展

输油管道一旦泄漏不但会造成直接经济损失,而且将对周围环境、沿线居民带来不利影响,掌握泄漏油品在周围环境中的渗流、地表扩散以及蒸发情况,对于开展管道应急处理和泄漏后果评价至关重要。结合陆上输油管道泄漏事故特点,从事故条件下的泄漏量、泄漏油品的流动扩散规律以及泄漏后果等方面入手,对成品油管道泄漏油品研究成果进行了归纳总结,同时为进一步研究泄漏油品在周围环境的扩散过程,预估泄漏后果并制定合理的应急处理方案提出了建议。     

矿区土壤重金属污染修复技术研究进展

矿产资源是人类经济社会发展的重要物质基础,然而在矿产资源的开采过程中,重金属等污染物在土壤环境介质中迁移,最终对矿区生态环境和人体健康造成严重威胁。矿区地质地貌复杂、土壤理化性质变异性大、污染物迁移转化过程复杂、现有土壤污染修复不彻底等成为矿区土壤污染修复主要限制因素。本文通过分析近年来矿区土壤污染修复研究成果,系统提出了构建地形地貌修复基本理念,综述了原位提取、钝化、纳米材料、联合修复以及新理念五类矿区土壤重金属污染修复技术的研究现状和最新研究进展,归纳总结了现有技术的适用范围和优缺点,提出了矿区土壤污染修复技术的未来发展方向,旨在为矿区重金属污染土壤修复的研究与实践提供理论参考。     

民营企业技术引进的战略选择

我国民营企业普遍规模较小、技术含量低、竞争能力差,很难与跨国公司展开竞争。这就要求我们在加紧技术进步的同时不断引进、消化和吸收国外的先进技术与经验。但在这一过程中不能背离我国的经济、技术状况,要在引进中消化、吸收,培育自主创新能力。     

中外高校图书馆对比研究

以国外大学图书馆的先进管理理念和经验为参照,比较了中外高校图书馆在服务意识、服务对象、服务方式、馆员素质等方面的差异,找出差距,取别人之长,补自己之短,以期中国大学图书馆办得更好,为教学科研服务.     

冻土区埋地输油管道温度场数值模拟研究

冻土区埋地管道遇到的最常见问题是冻害破坏.研究埋地输油管道发生冻害及采取科学有效的方法防止冻害,首先应预测埋地输油管道周围冻土冻融过程中温度场的变化,以及温度场与水分场的变化关系.叙述了国内外学者在冻土温度场与水分场耦合作用这一问题的研究成果和埋地输油管道周围温度场的研究成果,提出了数值模拟埋地输油管道周围冻土温度场的几点建议.