稻草覆盖对土壤理化性状和烤烟产量及品质的影响

在湖南永州对稻草翻压、稻草覆盖、地膜覆盖、不还田不覆盖进行了连续3年定位试验。结果表明，两种稻草还田方式均能改善土壤结构，稻草覆盖比稻草翻压的改土效果更为明显；稻草覆盖在烤烟生根期的保温作用不如地膜覆盖，烤烟进入旺长期以后，稻草覆盖土壤温、湿度变幅较小，能够维持相对适宜的温、湿度状况，而地膜覆盖及裸栽处理的烤烟整个生育期土壤温、湿度变幅较大，不利于烤烟生长。稻草覆盖比稻草翻压及地膜覆盖更有利于烤烟产量及品质的提高。     

土壤中可溶性有机氮含量及其影响因素研究

研究了农田和日光温室2个生态系统土壤中可溶性有机氮(SON)的含量及施肥和栽培模式对其含量的影响。结果表明,农田和日光温室土壤中SON的含量平均分别为39.19 mg kg-1和320.16 mg kg-1,分别占可溶性总氮(TSN)的80%和73%,说明SON是土壤氮素中不可忽视的氮素组分。不同栽培模式对土壤中SON的含量及其占TSN的比例的影响因生育时期的不同而异。覆草显著增加了小麦拔节期0~5 cm土层土壤中SON的含量,覆膜各土层SON含量均较常规模式有所提高;开花期覆草和覆膜模式土壤中TSN和SON含量较拔节期的显著下降。施用无机氮肥对土壤中SON的含量无显著影响。     

不同促腐条件下秸秆直接还田对土壤养分时空动态变化的影响

通过两年田间定位试验,研究了冀东地区玉米秸秆连续直接还田对土壤氮素和磷素养分时空动态变化的影响。结果表明,玉米秸秆直接还田可明显提高土壤氮素和磷素供应水平。在调节秸秆C/N15∶1~35∶1范围内,调节秸秆不同C/N未改变秸秆还田后的转化进程,其转化对土壤氮素和磷素时空动态变化的影响亦无明显差异。在调节秸秆C/N的前提下配施促腐剂,使秸秆还田后的转化进程明显加快。     

Influences of indigenous phototrophs on methane emissions from a straw-amended paddy soil

A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the influences of indigenous phototrophs on methane (CH₄) emissions from a paddy soil where rice straw was incorporated or was surface-applied. During the cultivation, half of the pots were covered with aluminum foil, except for the minimum space for rice plants, to prevent ambient light reaching the floodwater or the soil surface. Growth of oxygen-producing phototrophs was hardly observed in the unilluminated plots, whereas intensive growth of algae, duckweed and hydrophytes was found in the illuminated ones. Plant growth was not affected by the different treatments. Seasonal changes in CH₄ emission determined by a closed chamber method indicated that illumination had no or only minor effects on CH₄ emissions when rice straw was incorporated or was not applied, but significantly reduced CH₄ emissions when rice straw was surface-applied. Methanogenesis occurring in the soil-floodwater interface was further investigated in two lab-scale model experiments measuring methanogenic activity. As a result, more activated methanogenesis was found in the surface-applied rice straw and the soil around the straw compared with the soil incubated without rice straw. The magnitude of the methanogenic activity in the rice straw incubated under illuminated conditions was significantly lower than that incubated in the dark. Consequently, this study demonstrates that methanogenesis in paddy soil occurs even in the soil-floodwater interface if plant residues like rice straw exist, and such methanogenesis is likely to be suppressed by growth of indigenous phototrophs under illumination.     

中国北方典型地区农用地膜污染现状调查及其防治对策

通过对我国北方典型地区的调查，初步探索了该地区土壤农膜残留量和残膜特征。研究表明，河北省典型地区温室大棚、蔬菜田和作物田的农膜土壤残留量平均分别为5.629、7.369和2.822 kg·hm^-2，黑龙江省典型地区温室大棚、蔬菜田和作物田残留量平均分别为4.169、3.682和2.430 kg·hm^-2，各采样点之间存在着较大差异，但普遍较高，均明显高于未使用农膜的对照土壤。两地区之间除作物田的土壤农膜残留量没有明显差异外，河北地区其他两类土壤中的农膜残留量水平明显高于黑龙江地区，这种差异与各地区在农事活动及农膜使用上的差异具有一定的相关性。上述两地区土壤中残留农膜尺寸基本一致，主要集中在10～15 cm之间。该文针对我国目前农膜使用情况及其污染现状，提出了相应的防治对策。     

稻草覆盖对坡地红壤培肥及作物增产的效果

研究了坡地红壤连续5年采用稻草覆盖措施对土壤肥力和作物产量的影响。结果表明,“稻草+化肥氮磷”(“Straw+NP”)处理的土壤有机碳和全氮、磷分别比不施肥(CK)的提高42.9%和17.4%、44.2%,有机碳和全氮的增幅约是纯化肥(NPK)处理的2倍。与CK和NPK处理的相比,“Straw+NP”处理能明显提高微生物生物量碳、氮、磷和溶解性有机碳、氮以及Olsen-P含量,差异达到显著(P<0.05)或极显著(P<0.01)水平。在等养分施用量的条件下,“Straw+NP”处理能显著提高油菜和甘薯的产量。因此,稻草易地覆盖是一种有效培肥坡地红壤和增加作物产量的途径。     

Dynamics of soil microbial biomass C and soil fertility in cropland mulched with plastic film in a semiarid agro-ecosystem

Microbial biomass C (MBC) is one of the soil properties used as an indicator for the fertility status of a soil. A study was conducted on a semi-arid Loess Plateau in China. The field was planted with spring wheat and mulched with plastic film for various lengths of time. Our primary objectives were to (i) explore the influence of film mulching on soil MBC and soil fertility, and (ii) seek an effective approach of maintaining and improving sustainability of cropland mulched with plastic film in two growing seasons. Four treatments were tested, non-mulching (M0), mulching for 30 days after sowing (M30), mulching for 60 DAS (M60) and mulching for the whole growing period (Mw). An increasing air temperature with time within the growing season promoted soil MBC in the two growing seasons, but a severe drought led to a lower MBC in 2000 compared with the wet year of 1999. Film mulching promoted MBC significantly in the 2 years, but decreased soil organic carbon (SOC). SOC is very low in the experimental soil, accounting for the higher MBC/SOC ratio compared with ratios reported by others. The SOC is greatly reduced in the non-mulched and the Mw treatments compared to the M30 and M60 treatments. In conclusion, the benefits of film mulching in semi-arid agricultural systems are enormous but realizing their full potential depends on how long the mulching material is maintained during the growing season. In the system tested, it is desirable to mulch the plots for 30-60 DAS in order to enhance microbial biomass and cycling of nutrients and also to provide a more stable soil micro-environment that generates more residues in the rhizosphere.     

中国北方典型地区农用地膜污染现状调查及其防治对策

通过对我国北方典型地区的调查,初步探索了该地区土壤农膜残留量和残膜特征.研究表明,河北省典型地区温室大棚、蔬菜田和作物田的农膜土壤残留量平均分别为5.629、7.369和2.822 kg·hm-2,黑龙江省典型地区温室大棚、蔬菜田和作物田残留量平均分别为4.169、3.682和2.430 kg·hm-2,各采样点之间存在着较大差异,但普遍较高,均明显高于未使用农膜的对照土壤.两地区之间除作物田的土壤农膜残留量没有明显差异外,河北地区其他两类土壤中的农膜残留量水平明显高于黑龙江地区,这种差异与各地区在农事活动及农膜使用上的差异具有一定的相关性.上述两地区土壤中残留农膜尺寸基本一致,主要集中在10～15 cm之间.该文针对我国目前农膜使用情况及其污染现状,提出了相应的防治对策.     

秸秆成型燃料生产应用的关键问题探讨

秸秆成型燃料(straw densification briquetting fuel,SDBF)的研究在中国已有二十多年的历史,但中国SDBF现有的年产量仅有十多万吨,是中国原料年产量的万分之一,是世界年产量的2.5%,形成这种局面的主要原因是生产中的几个关键问题一直没有受到重视.通过十余年的潜心研究,作者认为:要在中国实现SDBF规模化生产,必须认真解决好四个问题:一是资源收集和储运的高成本问题;二是成型机快速磨损问题;三是燃烧设备中受热面飞灰沉积和腐蚀问题;四是原材料脱水问题.该文在分析SDBF成型机理和实际应用案例的基础上,对四个问题的影响因素和成因进行了探讨,提出了解决这些技术难题的办法和中国生物质成型燃料规模化发展的模式和建议.     

移动式秸秆制粒机作业速度调控系统研究

为了提高移动式秸秆制粒机工作效率,解决玉米秸秆收获过程中作业速度与喂入量不匹配的问题,设计了一种移动式秸秆制粒机作业速度自动调控系统,以实现对秸秆制粒机作业速度的自动调控。该系统由喂入量-期望作业速度自适应变论域模糊控制器与液压马达转速调控系统构成,采用液压系统控制秸秆制粒机作业速度的方式进行调控。通过螺旋输送器功率得到实际喂入量,并根据灰色理论建立喂入量预测模型,以预测值作为变论域模糊控制器的输入;变论域控制器的输出作为液压马达转速调控系统的输入,作业速度PID控制器驱使液压控制系统调节制粒机行走机构改变作业速度,从而使作业速度和喂入量匹配,达到最佳喂入量,起到超前调节的目的。设计了3次试验,分别为模型参数的获取试验、均匀秸秆条件下的稳定性试验、非均匀秸秆条件下跟踪性能试验。试验结果表明,在均匀秸秆条件下,作业速度能够在3m内达到最佳作业状态,超调量小于5%,之后能够保持良好的平稳运行状态,使制粒机以最佳喂入量工作;同样,在非均匀秸秆条件下,作业速度能够以不大于5%的超调量跟踪喂入量的变化。试验证明,本系统能够实时检测作业速度和喂入量,达到作业速度和喂入量相匹配的目的,有效提高了移动式秸秆制粒机的工作效率。