公众参与城镇居民生活用水水价探析

水价是引导水资源合理配置,促进节水型社会建设的有效手段之一。公众参与水价制定是供水方、用水方和政府共同参与,既能够客观全面反映水资源价值、供水成本、环境成本在内的,又能充分代表用水方利益的新型水资源价格形成模式。应用公众参与水价制定理论,以新疆石河子市为例,通过抽样问卷调查、分析、综合评价等途径对研究区生活用水进行了定价探析。结果表明：公众参与制定的石河子市生活用水水价更能反映其水资源的稀缺性,通过宣传教育来逐步提高现状水价,充分利用价格杠杆的约束效应来构建节水型社会是该市当前水务改革的重点。     

冬小麦覆被农田地表多层非均质混合电磁散射模型研究

冬小麦种植区域分布广泛,为监测与评估其生长信息和生长环境,本文通过引入三相混合介质模型表征植被层,引入高斯随机粗糙面表征农田粗糙地表,构建了一种冬小麦覆被农田地表的多层非均质混合电磁散射模型。首先分别对比本文提出的多层非均质混合模型与水云模型、Oh模型在冬小麦拔节期及孕穗期的后向散射系数预测结果,对本模型的有效性进行分析和验证;随后,通过分析该模型等效介电常数,并求解其电磁散射及辐射传输方程,获取植被生长信息、植被含水率及土壤粗糙度等因素对覆被农田地表等效介电常数和雷达后向散射系数的影响规律。结果表明,本文提出的多层非均质混合模型与水云模型及Oh模型预测结果有较好的一致性,同时与双弥散模型获得的小麦层等效介电常数R²分别为0.981 7、0.992 2、0.986 3、0.971 1,同样具有较好的一致性;此外,本文提出的模型对拔节期、孕穗期小麦含水率的预测结果与实际测量值的均方根误差分别为0.88%、4.65%,该模型能够较好地模拟覆被农田地表电磁散射特征,为后续无人机微波反演冬小麦生长及土壤水分信息提供坚实理论基础。     

种子微创取样关键技术与装备研究进展

种子微创取样装备是面向生物育种技术中的种子切片取样环节,基于机电控制、机器视觉等技术,实现种子基因样本的全流程、自动化操作的智能化工具,其推广和应用可有效提升种质资源培育的效率和质量,助力种业振兴。本文首先介绍了种子切片检测的历史背景和装备研究现状,随后将种子微创取样关键技术系统地划分为种子分离、位姿调整、夹持输送、取样和样品收集与清洁技术,并对其研究现状和发展动态进行了阐述和剖析。在此基础上,结合种子切片装备发展要求和应用场景,归纳了种子切片取样装备面临的切割理论不足、多尺度通用性差、系统集成度有待提高等问题,提出了未来发展方向为: 加强种子切片装备基础理论研究;多尺度通用化种子切片平台开发;发展全生产环节智慧取样检测系统。     

利用试差法确定林业抽样调查中的样本容量

本文针对正态总体的情形,讨论了如何利用试差法确定样本容量,即利用 n=1+s~2/(Δ (?)~2)·t~2_(n-1)(a) 式反复迭代,直到求出的n值差异很小为止,这时的n值即为所求的样本容量。文中并给出了试差法在林业中的应用实例。     

景谷县森林蓄积量遥感估测及其动态变化分析

以云南省景谷县为研究区,基于Landsat5和Landsat8遥感数据,利用2012年和2017年两期全国森林资源连续清查实地调查数据,建立多元逐步回归和随机森林模型对景谷县森林蓄积量进行遥感估测对比研究.结果显示:综合建模精度来看,随机森林法在相同样地数量条件下具有更好的估测效果;从估测结果与林地保护利用规划和林地变...     

油松毛虫越冬幼虫“部分轮枝抽样”技术的研究

本文探讨以油松的“部分轮枝”(从油松基部起第1,2,3轮枝层中着生1,2a生针叶的枝条段构成的轮枝层)代替整株油松作为样本单元,估计油松毛虫越冬幼虫口密度的可行性;拟合积性模型建立了越冬幼虫种群的“部分轮枝抽样”模型;并对模型的估计精度、可靠性及置信区间进行了分析,导出了理论抽样数的计算公式;最后对“部分轮枝抽样”模型进行了实际应用检验。     

在相同生境不同发生年代的异地取样编制害虫生命表的研究

本研究采用在相同生境不同发生年代的异地取样法,仅用一年时间,对一年一代的青杨天牛(Saperda Populean L.)编制了7个单世代生命表,与用常规累积同种害虫生命表的方法相比缩短了时间,并与通过五年编制的5个单世代生命表比较,存活曲线相同,关键因子一致,各致死因子死亡率的大小顺序也基本一致。说明这种累积生命表的方法在实践中是可行的。     

Logging Impacts in Tropical Lowland Humid Forest on Tree Species Diversity and Environmental Conservation

This study assessed the effects of exploitations in natural forest ecosystems on tree species diversity and environmental conservation. This was achieved by comparing tree species diversity and yield in an unlogged forest (Strict Nature Reserve) and a forest reserve where active logging is in progress in Ondo State, Nigeria. Eight plots (20 m × 20 m) were assessed in each site using systematic sampling techniques. All living trees with dbh >10 cm were identified, categorized into families with their diameter at breast height (dbh) measured in each plot. Shannon-Weiner and species evenness indices were used to assess and compare tree species diversity and abundance. The results show that the tropical humid forest is very rich in tree species, as a total of 54 different tropical hardwood species from 23 families were encountered in both forest types. There were 46 species distributed among 21 families in the unlogged forest and 24 species in 14 families in the logged forest. Shannon-Weiner diversity index of 3.16 and 3.03 and evenness index of .83 and .81 were also obtained for the unlogged and logged forest, respectively. Every variable computed had a higher value in the unlogged forest relative to the logged forest. In the unlogged forest, the species with the highest number of occurrence was Mansonia altissima A. Chev. (80 stems/ha). Caesalpinoidae and Sterculiaceae families had the highest number of species (6). In the logged forest, Triplochiton scleroxylon K. Schum. (18 stems/ha) had the highest frequency and Caesalpinoidae family has the highest number of species (4). The study concludes that exploitation has affected species diversity in the ecosystem and subsequently, the roles of trees in environmental conservation are affected.     

Micropropagation of Vitex negundo L. and Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Analysis of Micropropagated Plants

A micropropagation protocol was established for a medicinal plant Vitex negundo. Genetic stability of micropropagated plants was investigated. Multiple shoots were induced from nodal explants cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium with 0.53 μM naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and 11.0 μM benzyl aminopurine (BAP) along with additives (ascorbic acid, 283.9 μM; citric acid, 130.1 μM; and arginine, 143.6 μM). Shoots were further multiplied by repeated transfer of the mother explant. The shoots were further multiplied on MS medium + 0.57 μM indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and 6.6 μM BAP. The micropropagated shoots were pulse treated with 122.5 μM indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), in liquid MS medium and then transferred to autoclaved soilrite. These rooted ex vitro. Shoots were also rooted in vitro on a half-strength MS medium + 2.45 μM IBA. The survival rate of in vitro rooted plantlets was poor during hardening compared to ex vitro rooted plantlets. About 95% of the ex vitro rooted, hardened plantlets survived in the field. Genetic stability of micropropagated plants was tested by using 25 random amplified polymorphic DNA primers. The cloned plants exhibited no variation in banding pattern in comparison with the mother plant.     

基于随机森林的大姚县TM遥感影像分类研究

随机森林(Random Forest)是一种组合多棵决策树分类器的新的分类算法。以楚雄州大姚县为例,采用Landsat-TM数据,通过最大似然、支持向量机、随机森林3种分类器进行分类对比研究。结果表明,支持向量机和随机森林的分类精度明显优于最大似然法,两者分类精度相差不大;在分类时间上,最大似然法明显比随机森林和支持向量机快,支持向量机最慢。综合分析,随机森林算法表现更优,它在保证分类精度的前提下,也能保证一定的时间效率,更适宜实际生产应用。