植物水分利用效率的影响因子研究综述

在概述植物水分利用效率(WUE)及其层次和测定、计算方法的基础上,介绍了影响植物WUE的内部因素(包括植物种类和品种、叶片解剖结构及生理生化特征等)和外部因素(包括气象、土壤、生物因素等),以及各自的作用机理,尤其是对气孔不均匀关闭、影响Δ13C在田间条件下表现较差的原因、冠层和叶边界层对植物WUE产生的效应及其作用原理进行了探讨,并提出了今后植物WUE研究的重点和方向。     

水分和CO2对玉米光合性能及水分利用率的影响

利用环境生长室探讨不同CO₂浓度和土壤水分亏缺处理下玉米植株生物量、气孔形态与分布特征、叶片气体交换参数、叶绿素荧光参数等生长及生理指标的变化规律。以‘郑单958’ 玉米品种为试材,利用环境生长室设置2个CO₂浓度和4个土壤水分梯度对玉米进行CO₂浓度和水分处理。结果表明：1）不同程度土壤水分亏缺均显著降低玉米地上生物量（P<0.05）,但CO₂浓度升高增加了轻度水分亏缺条件下玉米地上生物量（P<0.01）和总生物量（P<0.01）。2）大气CO₂浓度升高导致轻度和中度水分亏缺条件下玉米的净光合速率（P_n）分别提高15.8%（P<0.05）和25.7%（P=0.001）,而CO₂浓度升高却降低了玉米叶片蒸腾速率（P<0.001）和气孔导度（P<0.001）,最终导致玉米瞬时水分利用效率均显著提高（P<0.001）。3）不同水分处理对玉米叶片气孔密度和单个气孔形态特征均造成显著影响（P<0.01）。因此,大气CO₂浓度升高可以增加轻度水分亏缺条件下玉米叶片氮含量、叶片非结构性碳水化合物含量和光合电子传递速率,从而提高玉米植株的生物量累积以及叶片碳同化能力和水分利用效率。研究结果将为深入理解气候变化背景下玉米对大气CO₂浓度升高和土壤水分亏缺的生理生态响应机制提供科学依据。     

Genotypic Variation of Stomatal Conductance in Relation to Stomatal Density and Length in Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Abstract

Stomatal conductance (g_s) is an important trait responsible for the genotypic difference in gas diffusion for photosynthesis and transpiration in rice (Oryza sativa L.). We measured g_s, stomatal density and stomatal length (guard-cell length) at two weeks before heading for 64 accessions from a rice diversity research set of germplasm (RDRS) and for three high-yielding cultivars (HYC) under field conditions. Considerable variations in g_s, and stomatal length were observed among varieties in RDRS, and it was considered that RDRS covers the species diversity of the stomatal characteristics in rice. When it was compared among the varieties with similar plant earliness, g_s was higher in HYC than in most varieties of RDRS. Stomatal density did not correlate with g_s, and there was a negative correlation between stomatal density and stomatal length. However, noticeable variance existed in the latter relation, where HYC exhibited a higher stomatal density and slightly shorter stomatal length than RDRS. High g_s in HYC is attributable to their high stomatal density and moderate specific stomatal conductance (g_s / stomatal density) while the high-g_s varieties in RDRS tended to have a lower stomatal density and higher specific stomatal conductance. Stomatal length is related to specific stomatal conductance, but there are remarkable differences between these traits. Specific stomatal conductance in HYC has not reached the upper limit for their stomatal size, which raises a possibility of further improvement of HYC in g_s.     

4个核桃品种光合特性的日变化

采用LI 6400便携式光合测定仪,分析鲁光、扎343、强特勒、中林5号4个核桃（Juglans regia）品种光合特性的日变化,以期为核桃的优质高产和规范化生产提供理论依据。结果表明,4个不同的核桃品种净光合速率（Pn）日变化均呈现双峰曲线,且在14:00均出现显著的“午休”现象;强特勒、中林5号较鲁光和扎343更早地受到了光抑制。4个核桃品种Pn与光合有效辐射（PAR）均存在显著正相关,相关系数由大到小依次为扎343>强特勒>鲁光>中林5号。     

Soil nutrient concentrations and stoichiometry under different tree-cropping systems in a purple hillslope in southwestern China

Agroforestry systems strongly impact soil properties, yet their effects on the stoichiometry of soil nutrients remain unclear. This study aimed to determine the tree-cropping systems effects on soil C, N, P and K concentrations and their stoichiometry in 0–10 and 10–20 cm soil depths in a purple hillslope of southwestern China. Five typical agroforestry systems, including Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck system (CO), CO and Ipomoea batatas (L.) system (CI), CO and Arachis hypogaea (L.) system (CA), CO and Zea mays (L.) system (CZ), and CO and Solanum melongena (L.) system (CS), were investigated. Tree-cropping systems (i.e. CI, CA, CZ and CS) showed significantly higher soil C, N, P and K concentrations and clay percentage, and lower bulk density than CO system. Nutrient ratios altered inconsistently among five agroforestry systems. Soil depth differed N concentration, N:K ratio, bulk density and total porosity. Soil nutrient concentrations and stoichiometry showed significant correlations with physical properties. N:P ratio was 69.78 and 78.55% lower than the Chinese and World averages in the 0–10 cm soil depth, indicating that severe N limitation occurred in the agroforestry systems. Rational N fertilization and allocation of tree-cropping systems are urgently needed for sustainable development of agroforestry.     

Penman-Monteith模型模拟Venlo型温室黄瓜植株蒸腾

准确模拟温室作物蒸腾对于制定科学合理的灌溉制度及温室环境调控具有重要意义,该研究基于2017年秋冬季和2018年春夏季Venlo型温室黄瓜生育期内微气象数据、黄瓜生长发育指标和植株蒸腾,对Penman-Monteith(PM)模型中关键参数—冠层阻力和空气动力学阻力进行研究。通过分析黄瓜叶片孔阻力与温室内气象因子的响应关系,构建了由黄瓜有效叶面积指数及叶片孔阻力模拟冠层阻力的子模型;采用基于风速的Perrier对数法和基于温室对流类型的热传输系数法计算温室内低风速环境下的空气动力学阻力,并评价不同方法的适用性。结果表明:叶片孔阻力与太阳辐射呈指数关系(R~2=0.89),可通过观测温室内太阳辐射计算黄瓜叶片孔阻力;应用热传输系数法确定空气动力学阻力时,温室内对流类型绝大多数时间为混合对流;2种方法计算的温室内空气动力学阻力变化幅度均较小,Perrier对数法计算的春夏季和秋冬季空气动力学阻力平均值分别为388和383 s/m,热传输系数法计算的空气动力学阻力平均值分别为141和158 s/m;基于2种空气动力学阻力计算方法,PM模型模拟的植株蒸腾与实测值均具有较好的一致性,但采用Perrier对数法计算空气动力学阻力时,PM模型低估了植株蒸腾,春夏季和秋冬季拟合线斜率分别为0.87和0.91;而采用热传输系数法计算空气动力学阻力时,PM模型可更准确的模拟该地区温室黄瓜植株蒸腾,春夏季和秋冬季拟合线斜率分别为1.00和0.94,R~2分别为0.91和0.95,均方根误差分别为46.15和12.45 W/m~2。该研究结果为实现PM模型在Venlo型温室环境的准确应用提供了参考。     

玉米荫蔽对大豆光合特性与叶脉、气孔特征的影响

目的 探究在玉米-大豆套作模式下,玉米大豆共生期内玉米荫蔽对大豆光合特性及叶脉、气孔特征的影响。方法 在自然光照射下采用两因素完全随机盆栽试验,以强耐荫性品种南豆12和弱耐荫性品种桂夏3号为研究对象,设置T1（2行玉米间隔2行大豆套作）、T2（1行玉米间隔1行大豆套作）和CK（净作大豆）3种空间配置,探究不同处理下大豆光合参数、叶脉和气孔特征参数对光环境的响应。结果 与净作相比,玉米荫蔽下大豆冠层的远红光光谱辐照度显著增加,T1、T2处理下的光照强度分别降低48.62%和77.39%。在玉米荫蔽下大豆的净光合速率、气孔导度、叶脉密度和气孔密度显著低于CK（P＜0.05）,且下降幅度都随着荫蔽程度的增加而增加（由T1到T2处理）。与CK相比,T1、T2处理下南豆12的净光合速率分别显著下降41.00%、44.15%,桂夏3号的净光合速率分别显著下降44.62%、47.93%;南豆12的气孔导度分别显著下降29.19%、39.69%,桂夏3号的气孔导度分别显著下降26.83%、49.50%。同时,南豆12的叶脉密度在T1、T2处理下分别比CK显著下降14.99%、20.01%,气孔密度分别下降12.79%、18.27%;桂夏3号的叶脉密度在T1、T2处理下分别比CK显著下降10.38%、27.62%,气孔密度分别下降15.77%、22.46%。此外,大豆的净光合速率与气孔导度、叶脉闭合度、气孔密度、叶脉密度呈显著正相关关系（P＜0.05）,与叶脉间距呈极显著负相关关系（P＜0.01）;叶脉密度与气孔密度呈极显著正相关关系（P＜0.01）。玉米荫蔽下,南豆12的叶脉密度、叶脉长度、叶脉闭合度、叶脉间距都显著优于桂夏3号。在荫蔽程度更高的T2处理下,除蒸腾速率和叶脉闭合度以外,强耐荫性品种南豆12的光合、叶脉和气孔各参数的变化幅度都小于桂夏3号,且净光合速率更高。结论 在玉米-大豆套作的种植模式中,大豆冠层光环境、叶脉和气孔特征的变化会影响大豆的光合能力,但不同耐荫性大豆品种的叶脉、气孔特征对荫蔽的响应存在差异。     

氮元素对三角褐指藻岩藻黄素和油脂合成关键酶基因表达与代谢合成的影响

为阐明氮元素对微藻次生代谢积累和调控的影响,以三角褐指藻为试验材料,研究不同氮浓度[896(CK)、448、112、28和0 μmol·L^-1]处理对三角褐指藻细胞生长、岩藻黄素含量、油脂含量以及叶绿素a含量的影响,并对岩藻黄素-叶绿素蛋白复合体基因(FCPb)和酰基-酰基载体蛋白去饱和酶基因(FAB2)的表达进行实时荧光定量PCR分析。结果表明,氮限制极显著抑制了三角褐指藻细胞的生长和岩藻黄素的合成,但促进了油脂的合成。当氮浓度为112 μmol·L^-1时,三角褐指藻岩藻黄素含量最低(0.084 mg·g^-1DW),而油脂含量最高,较CK提高了1.36倍。叶绿素a与岩藻黄素含量变化趋势一致。相关性分析表明,氮限制条件下,三角褐指藻岩藻黄素含量与油脂含量显著相关(R²=0.998 8)。实时荧光定量PCR分析表明,氮限制抑制了三角褐指藻中FCPb的表达,促进了FAB2的表达。综上,氮限制通过调控三角褐指藻岩藻黄素、油脂生物合成途径相关基因的表达影响了岩藻黄素和油脂的积累。本研究为进一步探究岩藻黄素与脂类物质代谢合成的关联性提供了一定的理论参考。     

Optimization of an oxygen-based approach for community-level physiological profiling of soils

Current approaches for rapid assessment of carbon source utilization by whole soil communities (i.e., community-level physiological profiling or CLPP) provide a limited, biased view of microbial communities with little connection to in situ activities. We developed an alternative CLPP approach based upon fluorometric detection of dissolved oxygen consumption in a microtiter platform which offers flexible manipulation of experimental factors. In the attempt to reduce oxygen re-dissolution, the wells were filled with liquid to very near the top and sealed. We found that filling the wells with 240 vs. 150 μl of sample improved the sensitivity of the system to discern both the response to a substrate amendment as low as 10 mg l⁻¹ and un-amended, endogenous respiration. The preparation of a soil slurry facilitates inoculation into the microplate. Disruption of soil samples had a limited effect on the endogenous respiration in comparison to intact soil microbags in a 24-well microplate. Storage time (up to 33 days) reduced the level of activity in intact soil microbags but not in disrupted samples. A microcosm fertilization experiment was set to study the effects of N availability on the respiratory response in the plates. The use of soil organic carbon (SOC) and amended C-substrates (50 mg l⁻¹) was increased by the addition of nitrogen (N) in the plate, and appeared N-limited shortly after microcosm fertilization. The addition of the eukaryotic inhibitor cycloheximide delayed the initial increase in fluorescence (time to minimum response) of several C sources (casein, acetate, asparagine, coumaric acid), varying among soils, which could be explained by the fungal use of these compounds. However, the extent of the inhibition caused by cycloheximide did not increase at higher fungal to bacteria ratios as estimated by PLFA analysis, indicating that the direct estimation of the fungal biomass from cycloheximide addition is not feasible. This paper provides an optimized, standardized protocol for soil analysis, and sets the basis for further validation studies that will continue to define the underlying capabilities/biases of this approach.     

Quantifying key model parameters for wheat leaf gas exchange under different environmental conditions

The maximum carboxylation rate of Rubisco(V_(cmax)) and maximum rate of electron transport(J_(max)) for the biochemical photosynthetic model, and the slope(m) of the Ball-Berry stomatal conductance model influence gas exchange estimates between plants and the atmosphere. However, there is limited data on the variation of these three parameters for annual crops under different environmental conditions. Gas exchange measurements of light and CO_2 response curves on leaves of winter wheat and spring wheat were conducted during the wheat growing season under different environmental conditions. There were no significant differences for V_(cmax), J_(max) or m between the two wheat types. The seasonal variation of V_(cmax), J_(max) and m for spring wheat was not pronounced, except a rapid decrease for V_(cmax) and J_(max) at the end of growing season. V_(cmax) and J_(max) show no significant changes during soil drying until light saturated stomatal conductance(gssat) was smaller than 0.15 mol m~(–2) s~(–1). Meanwhile, there was a significant difference in m during two different water supply conditions separated by gssat at 0.15 mol m~(–2) s~(–1). Furthermore, the misestimation of V_(cmax) and J_(max) had great impacts on the net photosynthesis rate simulation, whereas, the underestimation of m resulted in underestimated stomatal conductance and transpiration rate and an overestimation of water use efficiency. Our work demonstrates that the impact of severe environmental conditions and specific growing stages on the variation of key model parameters should be taken into account for simulating gas exchange between plants and the atmosphere. Meanwhile, modification of m and V_(cmax)(and J_(max)) successively based on water stress severity might be adopted to simulate gas exchange between plants and the atmosphere under drought.