Analysis of the variations in dry matter yield and resource use efficiency of maize under different rates of nitrogen,phosphorous and water supply

Abstract

Increasing resources use efficiency in intensive cultivation systems of maize (Zea mays L.) can play an important role in increasing the production and sustainability of agricultural systems. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate DM yield and the efficiency of inputs uses under different levels of water, nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in maize. Therefore, three levels of irrigation including 80 (ETc₈₀), 100 (ETc₁₀₀) and 120% (ETc₁₂₀) of crop evapotranspiration were considered as the main plots, and the factorial combination of three levels of zero (N₀), 200 (N₂₀₀) and 400 (N₄₀₀) kg N ha^?1 with three levels of zero (P₀), 100(P₁₀₀) and 200 (P₂₀₀) kg P ha^?1 was considered as the sub plots. The results showed that increasing the consumption of water and P was led to the reduction of N and P utilization efficiency, while RUE increased. WUE was also increased in response to application of N and P, but decreased when ET_C increased. DM yield under ETc₈₀ treatment reduced by 11 and 12%, respectively, compared to ETc₁₀₀ and ETc₁₂₀ which was due to reduction of cumulative absorbed radiation (R_abs(cum)) and RUE. Under these conditions, changes of stomatal conductance (gs) had little effect on DM yield. It was also found that N limitation caused 11 and 20% reduction in DM yield compared to N₂₀₀ and N₄₀₀, respectively. This yield reduction was mainly the result of decrease in RUE. By decreasing R_abs(cum), P deficiency also reduced DM yield by 5 and 9%, respectively, relative to P₁₀₀ and P₂₀₀ treatments.     

遮荫条件下O_3胁迫对冬小麦气孔导度影响的模拟

为了探究在遮荫条件下地表O3浓度增加对冬小麦气孔导度的影响,开展了两种不同强度遮荫与开顶式气室（OTC）相结合的大田试验,设置3个处理组：O3浓度为（100±9）nL.L-1结合（60±5）%遮荫的处理组（T1）;O3浓度为（100±9）nL.L-1结合（20±5）%遮荫的处理组（T2）;O3浓度为（100±9）nL.L-1不作遮荫的处理组（CK）。利用SC-1型气孔导度仪测定了3个处理组冬小麦不同生育期的气孔导度值。综合分析了生育期和O3胁迫,以及水汽压差（VPD）、温度（T）、光照（PAR）环境因子的变化对冬小麦气孔导度的影响,采用修正后的Jarvis非线性气孔导度模型模拟了3个处理组的气孔导度值。结果表明：遮荫对大田环境因子均产生了影响,其中,T1、T2处理组8：00—16：00点的平均温度和水汽压差较CK相比分别下降了5.6℃、4.1℃和0.84kPa、0.74kPa;用该模型得到的气孔导度模拟值与观测值进行了比较,R2=0.88,表明模型模拟效果良好;同时,根据O3吸收通量模型计算出T1、T2和CK处理组在整个O3熏蒸时期,冬小麦O3累积吸收通量分别为14.92、15.52、16.23mmolO3.m-2,并由此建立了O3吸收通量（x）与干物质损失（y）的关系分别为：y=1.0-0.038x和y=1.0-0.022x,表明在相同O3胁迫条件下,遮荫导致了冬小麦O3累积吸收通量的差异,在60%和20%遮荫条件下,O3吸收通量增加10mmol.m-2,与CK相比,其干物质累积损失分别为38.0%和22.0%。     

连作对罂粟光合速率日变化的影响

在罂粟果实膨大期,对正茬、迎茬、连作2 a、连作4 a处理的叶片光合生理生态参数进行了测定,旨在研究连作对罂粟光合作用的影响。结果表明:罂粟正茬、迎茬、连作2 a处理的光合速率日变化呈双峰曲线,具有明显的"午休"现象;连作4 a处理的光合速率变化呈单峰曲线.正茬、迎茬和连作4 a处理的光合速率下降(午休)是由气孔因素引起的,而连作2 a处理的光合速率下降(午休)主要原因是由非气孔因素引起的.正茬处理的光合速率显著高于迎茬、连作2 a和连作4 a处理的光合速率,分别高出2.71、2.28、2.31μmol/(m2.s).     

增强UV-B辐射和Cd2+复合胁迫下绿豆幼苗Cd积累和光合作用的气孔和非气孔限制

[目的]研究增强UV-B辐射和Cd2＋复合胁迫下绿豆（Phaseolus radiatus L.）幼苗Cd积累和光合作用的气孔和非气孔限制因素。[方法]试验设1个对照（CK）和3个试验组,分别为增强UV-B辐射（UV-B）组、Cd2＋（Cd）组、增强UV-B辐射＋Cd2＋（UV-B＋Cd）组,研究0.35 W/m2的UV-B辐射、1μmol/L Cd2＋及其复合胁迫下绿豆幼苗对Cd的吸收、分配和光合作用的气孔、非气孔限制,分别利用原子吸收分光光度仪和光合测定仪测定Cd在绿豆幼苗各部位的含量及第1对真叶的光合指标。[结果]绿豆幼苗中Cd的积累是根〉胚轴〉叶,UV-B对Cd在幼苗中的积累和分配没有影响。此外,各胁迫下幼苗的净光合速率（Pn）、气孔导度（Gs）、光合能力（A0）和羧化效率（dPn/dCi）含量均明显降低。UV-B组的细胞间隙CO2浓度（Ci）升高,气孔限制值（Ls）降低,Pn的降低是非气孔因素。Cd和复合处理组的Ci降低,而Ls升高,Cd组Pn的降低主要是气孔因素。复合组前期以非气孔因素为主,后期主要是气孔因素。[结论]该研究揭示了UV-B辐射和Cd2＋复合胁迫下绿豆幼苗光合变化的主要原因,可为进一步研究提供科学依据。     

用西瓜叶片气孔保卫细胞叶绿体数鉴定西瓜染色体倍性

为了寻求简便、快速的西瓜染色体倍性鉴定方法,以二倍体西瓜TS和0517及其同源四倍体为试材,通过观察叶片气孔保卫细胞叶绿体数来鉴定西瓜染色体倍性.结果表明,两倍性间的叶绿体数差异显著.二倍体叶绿体数在15个以下,四倍体叶绿体数大于等于15个;气孔叶绿体数随染色体倍性的增加而增加,用气孔保卫细胞叶绿体数预测植株倍性的准确率可达90.2%,因此,用万能荧光显微镜观察叶绿体数可以在苗期快速、准确地确定植株的染色体倍性.     

黄土高原半干旱区不同覆膜连作玉米产量的水分承载时限研究

【目的】以黄土高原半干旱区有限降水持续高效利用为目标,研究不同覆膜方式下连作玉米（Zea May L.）的产量表现和水分利用特征,揭示其增产机理,明确不同覆膜方式下有利于土壤水分持续高效利用的连作年限,为试区高产、水分高效持续利用型玉米连作技术提供理论依据。【方法】以田间定位试验为基础,量化连作玉米农田土壤水分的年际平衡关系、产量稳定性;以持续高产和收获期不发生土壤干燥化为依据,确定适用于不同覆膜方式的玉米连作年限。【结果】3年试验结果表明,全膜双垄沟播具有良好的保墒、提高土壤水分有效性,利于协调关键生育时期土壤-作物的水分供需关系,提高产量和水分利用效率的作用。与半膜平作处理相比,全膜双垄沟播玉米的籽粒产量、水分利用效率分别提高了41.8%和33.4%,生物产量、单位耗水的干物质累积量、总产值、净产值、毫米水产值和产投比分别提高了21.8%、12.3%、31.2%、27.8%、21.1%和-3.2%;与露地栽培处理相比生物产量、单位耗水的干物质累积量、总产值、净产值、毫米水产值和产投比分别提高了24.9%、39.1%、225.5%、1 423.9%、212.4%和93.5%。地膜覆盖增大了玉米全生育时期的耗水量,全膜双垄沟播、全膜平作和半膜平作耗水量较露地栽培增幅分别为15.5%-29.2%、10.0%-20.8%和4.2%-12.6%。单季较高的耗水量导致3种覆盖处理在连作第二年收获期土壤贮水量较连作开始期分别降低了37.3%、33.5%和30.9%,第三年降低了29.6%、27.5%和23.9%,造成土壤水分亏缺;随着连作年限的延长,土壤水分亏缺累计,出现土壤干化现象,引起产量波动,不利于土壤水分的持续利用。【结论】黄土高原半干旱区,在同等降雨条件下,全膜双垄沟播具有明显的增产增效和提高水分利用效率的作用,是理想的玉米种植模式;当年降雨量在320 mm左右时,全膜双垄沟播玉米连作不宜超过2年,全膜平作、半膜平作玉米的连作时间不宜超过3年。     

不同温度对3种北高丛蓝莓气孔特征和气体交换参数的影响

为探讨不同温度对北高丛蓝莓品种叶片气孔特征及其气体交换参数的影响机理,以2年生北高丛蓝莓(Vaccinium corymbosum L.)‘蓝丰’、‘公爵’和‘布里吉塔’幼苗为试验材料,利用人工气候箱设置4个温度处理,即对照(25℃)、轻度高温(30℃)、中度高温(35℃)和重度高温(40℃),研究不同温度对北高丛蓝莓叶片气孔的结构和功能、空间分布格局及气体交换的影响。结果显示,高温显著提高‘布里吉塔’叶片的气孔密度,但却没有改变‘公爵’和‘蓝丰’叶片的气孔密度。同时,中度高温增加‘蓝丰’和‘布里吉塔’叶片气孔的长度、宽度和面积,但是对‘公爵’叶片气孔开度的影响不大;且高温导致‘布里吉塔’气孔在叶片上的空间分布变得比对照更加规则,而对‘公爵’和‘蓝丰’2个品种的影响却很有限。此外,不同强度的温度处理导致3个北高丛蓝莓品种叶片的净光合反应速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率和水分利用效率均呈现先升高后降低的趋势,但其最大值随着品种的不同而发生变化。高温条件下北高丛蓝莓主要通过增加气孔的宽度和规则化气孔的空间分布提高光合效率。然而,不同蓝莓品种对叶片气孔结构和功能进行调整和优化的能力存在一定的差异,最终导致蓝莓叶片气体交换对增温的响应存在种间差异。     

水分胁迫下不同抗旱类型大豆叶片气孔特性变化研究

采用火棉胶印膜法,研究了不同程度干旱胁迫对不同抗旱类型大豆叶片气孔特性的影响.结果表明:经水分胁迫的大豆叶片气孔密度增加,气孔开口大小和单位叶面积气孔相对面积减小.但不同抗旱类型大豆品种间表现不同,气孔密度变化幅度大小顺序依次为:弱抗品种(A3)＞中抗品种(A2)＞抗旱品种(A1),调节气孔开张能力大小顺序依次为:抗旱品种(A1)＞中抗品种(A2)＞弱抗品种(A3).     

Coupling changes of soil functional gene abundances and extracellular enzyme activities across the diagnostic horizons of agricultural Isohumosols

Soil functional microbial taxa and extracellular enzymes are involved in a variety of biogeochemical cycling processes. Although many studies have revealed the vertical change patterns of microbial communities along soil profile, the general understanding of the coupling changes in the functional gene abundances (FGAs) and extracellular enzyme activities (EEAs) in soil profiles is still limited, which hinders us from revealing soil ecosystem processes. Herein, we comparatively investigated the FGAs and EEAs in the diagnostic A, B, and C horizons of soil profiles obtained from two suborders of Isohumosols (Mollisols), Ustic and Udic Isohumosols, in Northeast China based on quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and standard fluorometric techniques, respectively. The distribution patterns of both FGAs and EEAs significantly distinguished by the two soil suborders and were also separated from A to C horizon. Additionally, the variations of EEAs and FGAs were greater in Udic Isohumosols compared to Ustic Isohumosols along soil profiles, and greater changes were observed in C horizon than in A horizon. Both FGAs and EEAs correspondently decreased along the soil profiles. However, when normalized by soil organic carbon, the specific EEAs significantly increased in deep soil horizons, suggesting that microorganisms will input more resources to the production of enzymes to ensure microbial nutrient requirements under resource scarcity. More importantly, we revealed that soil microbial nutrient demands were limited by carbon (C) and phosphorus (P), and the C and P limitations significantly increased along soil profiles with a greater C limitation observed in Ustic Isohumosols than in Udic Isohumosols. Overall, our findings provided solid evidence showing the links between FGAs, EEAs, and microbial nutrient limitations, which would be helpful for a better understanding of the ecosystem processes in soil profiles.     

Is Discrimination of 13C in Potato Leaflets and Tubers an Appropriate Trait to Describe Genotype Responses to Restrictive and Well‐Watered Conditions?

Selection for drought tolerance entails prioritizing plant traits that integrate critical physiological processes occurring during crop growth. Discrimination against ¹³C (?) in leaflets (?_leaflet) and tubers (?_tuber) was compared under two water regimes in two potato‐improved varieties selected to maintain yield under drought conditions (Unica and Sarnav) and one drought susceptible European cultivar (Désirée). In the control treatment, soil water content was kept at field capacity over the whole growth cycle, while in the drought treatment water supply was restricted after tuber initiation (50 % of field capacity). Gas exchange and N content per unit leaf area (N_area) as well as ? were assessed at different stages. Sarnav showed the highest tuber yield in both water conditions, suggesting that yield in the water restriction treatment was largely driven by yield potential in this genotype. Higher stomatal conductance (g_s) and N_area and lower ?_leaflet in well‐watered Sarnav suggested higher photosynthetic capacity. Under water restriction, Sarnav maintained higher g_s indicating that carbon diffusion was a key factor for biomass accumulation under water restriction. Our results suggest the use of ? determined after tuber initiation as an indirect selection indicator for tuber yield under both well‐watered and restricted soil water availability conditions.