江汉平原施氮水平对稻田CH_4和N_2O排放及水稻产量的影响

氮素是保证水稻(Oryza sative L.)产量的关键,同时也会影响稻田温室气体的排放。研究施氮水平对江汉平原地区稻田甲烷(CH4)、氧化亚氮(N_2O)排放和水稻产量的影响,旨在筛选出适合当地的低碳高产氮肥管理措施。以单季稻"丰两优香1号"为研究对象,设置4个施氮水平(T0:对照,0 kg N/hm2;T1:90 kg N/hm2;T2:150 kg N/hm2;T3:210 kg N/hm~2),采用静态暗箱-气相色谱法对稻田CH4和N_2O排放通量进行连续监测,测定水稻产量及CH4和N_2O季节排放特征,分析综合温室效应和排放强度。结果表明,不同施氮处理下CH4和N_2O排放通量具有较为明显的季节变化规律,T2处理的CH4季节累积排放量为302.5 kg/hm2,显著大于T0、T1和T3处理,与T0相比增加CH4排放106.7%,T3处理稻田CH4季节累积排放量为160.5 kg/hm2,比T2、T1水平处理低。不同施氮处理生长季N_2O累积排放量在0.465~0.631 kg/hm2之间,T3、T2、T1处理N_2O累积排放量显著大于T0处理,但T3、T2、T1处理间差异不显著。水稻产量随着氮素水平增加而增加,100年尺度上的温室气体排放强度以T3处理最小为0.39,T2处理最大为0.79,二者差异显著(P0.05)。因此,210 kg N/hm2可推荐为江汉平原地区水稻低碳高产的适宜氮素投入量。     

长期施肥对高原农业生态系统土壤有机碳和氮的影响

The effects of fertilization on the distributions of organic carbon (OC) and nitrogen (N) in soil aggregates and whether these effects vary with cropping system have not been well addressed.Such information is important for understanding the sequestration of OC and N in agricultural soils.In this study,the distributions of OC and N associated with soil aggregates were analyzed in different fertilization treatments in a continuous winter wheat cropping system and a legume-grain rotation system in a 27-year field experiment,to understand the effects of long-term fertilization on the distributions of OC and N in aggregates and to examine the recovery of soil OC and N in a highland agroecosystem.Manure fertilizer significantly decreased soil bulk density but increased the amount of coarse fractions and their associated OC and N stocks in the soils of both systems.Fertilizers N + phosphorus (P) and manure had similar effects on total soil OC and N stocks in both systems,but had larger effects on the OC and N stocks in ＞ 2 mm aggregates in the legume-grain rotation system than in the continuous winter wheat system.The application of P increased the OC and N stocks in ＞ 2 mm aggregates and decreased the loss of N from chemical fertilizers in the legume-grain rotation system.The results from this study suggested that P fertilizer should be applied for legume-included cropping systems and that manure with or without chemical fertilizers should be applied for semiarid cropping systems in order to enhance OC and N accumulation in soils.     

施肥和密度对春小麦群体质量及产量的影响

以强筋春小麦品种龙麦26为试验材料,研究了施肥和密度处理对群体质量指标、产量的影响。结果表明,产量在施肥(氮磷钾纯量)180 kg/hm2,密度600万株/hm2条件下达最大值,为5 716.5 kg/hm2,其关键群体调控指标为孕穗期叶面积指数6.0,地上部干物质积累量和花后干物质积累量分别为16 899 kg/hm2和9 211.5 kg/hm2;在此施肥和密度条件下,叶面积指数在整个生育期维持在较高水平,并且后期下降较慢。     

1961—2015年安徽省春季日照时数变化特征

为了研究安徽省春季日照时数变化特征,为合理安排农事提供依据,使用近55a(1961—2015年)安徽省春季78个气象台站逐日日照时数资料,利用相关分析、线性趋势分析、Mann-Kendall以及Morlet小波变换分析等方法对安徽省春季日照时数进行了分析,结果表明：安徽省春季多年平均日照时数在381.55—626.75h之间,呈北多南少的空间分布特征;春季日照时数年际变化明显,日照时数最多年为最少年的1.7倍。在近55a中,日照时数整体上呈现出先减后增的变化趋势;在各个年代中日照时数周期存在差异;在21世纪初日照时数由减少转为增加,属于突变现象;安徽省春季日照时数变化趋势存在明显的空间差异,淮北主要以减少趋势为主,江淮之间增减参半,沿江江南则主要表现为增加趋势。     

农作物分布格局动态变化的遥感监测——以东北三省为例

【目的】当前对涉及到耕地内部不同作物空间分布及其变化的研究较少。本文旨在探讨大尺度作物种植面积和分布格局遥感提取方法及景观生态学中景观格局指数在作物格局动态变化分析中的应用。【方法】基于2005年和2010年作物生育期内遥感影像全覆盖的MODIS-NDVI数据,利用RS、GIS技术,通过分析东北地区主要作物（水稻、玉米、大豆）的种植结构、物候历及NDVI曲线特征,建立不同作物面积遥感提取模型,提取大尺度农作物空间分布格局信息。同时,利用景观格局指数方法分析农作物格局动态变化特征和变化规律。【结果】与多年平均统计数据比较,基于MODIS遥感数据提取的作物面积信息,2005年和2010年平均精度达到了90%以上;5年间,东北地区主要作物种植结构发生了较大变化。其中大豆平均斑块面积减少,面积年动态度为-4.47%,水稻和玉米平均斑块面积均增加,且5年的变化幅度均超过20%。【结论】成本和收益是作物面积增加或减少的主要原因;用中等分辨率的遥感数据进行大尺度作物面积提取的方法是可行的;景观生态学中格局指数可以用来分析耕地内部作物格局的动态变化规律。     

皖西南春棉田主要害虫和天敌种群时序动态格局

为探索直播春棉田害虫与其天敌之间的相互作用和竞争共存机制,采用直接观察法,系统研究了棉田主要害虫和天敌种群的时间动态变化,及其生态位宽度和生态位重叠值。研究结果表明,在直播春棉的不同生育期,棉田害虫和天敌的优势种不同。主要害虫和天敌的发生高峰期多集中在6—7月,而棉蚜高峰期在5月下旬,棉叶蝉高峰期在9月下旬。不同种群的时间生态位不同,害虫中棉盲蝽的生态位宽度最大,其次是棉铃虫,棉叶蝉和棉叶螨的生态位宽度较小;天敌中蜘蛛类天敌的生态位宽度最大,其次是小花蝽,黑襟毛瓢虫的生态位宽度最小。而黑襟毛瓢虫和瓢虫类天敌与棉蚜、棉叶螨生态位重叠度较大。因此,皖西南棉区直播春棉田可利用瓢虫类天敌抑制棉蚜和棉叶螨的危害,保护并利用好蜘蛛类天敌,需重点防治棉盲蝽和棉铃虫。     

适宜北京地区雨养春玉米的化控模式探究

使用不同组合的化控技术进行大田玉米种植试验,研究不同化控模式对土壤水分、玉米生长及产量和品质等方面的影响效应。结果表明:浓度75kg/hm2保水剂+喷施黄腐酸+撒施改良剂的化控使用模式下整体效果最好,土壤含水率基本保持稳定,各生长指标和品质指标增长幅度整体最大;与对照组相比,籽产量增加17.62%,粗蛋白增加9.94%,拔节期叶面积增大41.95%,总干物质增加37.38%。     

内蒙古平原灌区“春麦冬播”种植效应及品种适应性

针对内蒙古春播小麦生育期短、干热风、高温逼熟等因素制约产量提高,且收获后光温资源极大浪费的现状,以及试种冬小麦发现的冬季冻害、春季干旱或"倒春寒"影响返青率及前茬限制等问题,本研究以"春麦冬播"种植模式为切入点,采用不同春化类型小麦品种,通过连续2年的田间试验,系统研究了不同小麦品种越冬出苗、叶片生理、根系性状及产量形成的差异,以期筛选适宜冬播的小麦品种。结果表明:供试的全部春性小麦品种及部分冬性品种可以以种子形式完成春化作用,第2年正常抽穗成熟。冬播条件下春季田间出苗率较春播小麦有所降低,但根系发达,对低温及干旱的适应性强。通过系统聚类筛选出适宜内蒙古平原灌区冬播的3个小麦品种,包括春性品种永良4号、冬性品种宁冬11号和半冬性品种河农7106,其共同特征为越冬出苗率高、抗逆性强、根系发达、产量表现较高,其中永良4号产量可达到与春播相同的水平。     

Response of labile organic C and N pools to plastic film removal from semiarid farmland soil

To examine the effects of plastic film removal on grain yield and soil organic matter (SOM), a spring maize (Zea may L.) field experiment was conducted for 5 yr at Changwu Agricultural and Ecological Experimental Station of Northwest China. Compared with traditional plastic film mulching during entire growing stages (FM), plastic film removal at the silking stage (RM) resulted in a 6.3% higher average maize yield. Under the RM treatment, soil organic carbon and total nitrogen significantly increased after the 5‐yr cultivation in the 0‐ to 20‐cm layer. Significant increases in extractable organic C (EOC), KMnO₄‐oxidizable C (KMnO₄‐C) and C management index (CMI) in the 0‐ to 20‐cm layer, and light fraction organic C and EOC in the 20‐ to 40‐cm layer were observed in response to plastic film removal after the 1‐yr treatment; the responses were more significant after 5 yr. Under the RM treatment, significant increases in microbial biomass C, light fraction organic N, extractable organic N, KMnO₄‐C and CMI were also observed after five years in the 20‐ to 40‐cm layer. Moreover, KMnO₄‐C and EOC were much more sensitive than other labile SOM fractions to the application of RM, even after only 1 yr of cultivation. Therefore, compared with mulching for the whole growing season, plastic film removal at the maize silking stage is an effective option for increasing yields and enhancing SOM concentration and soil sustainability in the regions with semiarid monsoon climates that have sufficient rainfall during maize reproductive stages.     

菊花不同部位及根际土壤水浸液处理对光合作用的自毒作用研究

菊花[Dendranthema morifolium(Ramat)Tzvel.]的自毒作用是菊花连作障碍发生机理研究的重要内容之一.本文研究了连作障碍比较明显的菊花栽培种"高压太子"不同部位(枯落物、叶、茎和根系)及根际土壤水浸液处理对盆栽同种菊花光合作用的影响,结果表明:不同部位和根际土壤水浸液处理对叶片叶绿素含量、净光合速率及气孔导度均表现出抑制趋势,而暗呼吸速率却受到促进,尤以地上部水浸液的抑制作用为显著.说明降低自身叶绿素含量、净光合速率及气孔导度,即抑制自身的光合作用,同时促进自身暗呼吸是菊花自毒作用的机制之一.