基于评价模型的宁夏沙土春玉米最佳灌水施氮量研究

为分析不同水氮供应对宁夏沙土春玉米主要评价指标的影响,采用灌水和施氮2因素交互设计,灌水量设置3个水平(W0.6(0.6KcET0)、W0.8(0.8KcET0)和W1.0(KcET0),Kc为作物系数,ET0为潜在作物蒸发蒸腾量),施氮量设量4个水平:N150(150 kg/hm2)、N225(225 kg/hm2)、N300(300 kg/hm2)和N375(375 kg/hm2),进行了大田试验。结果表明:灌水量和施氮量的交互作用对产量、水分利用效率(WUE)和氮肥偏生产力(PFPN)有极显著影响,对地上部干物质累积量和籽粒氮素累积量有显著影响;在相同灌水条件下,春玉米地上部干物质累积量、产量、WUE均随施氮量的增加先增加后减小。主成分分析法、隶属函数分析法、灰色关联度分析法与基于组合赋权的TOPSIS模型两两之间具有良好的相关性,各模型之间相关系数均值为0.465～0.787;基于整体差异组合评价模型得出W0.8N300评价值最高。考虑试验区年际降雨量分布不均,经回归分析拟合得出,当春玉米生育期内灌水量与有效降雨量之和为544 mm、施氮量为260 kg/hm2时,春玉米综合指标评价值最高(1.47),为适宜的春玉米滴灌灌水施肥量。本研究可为沙土地区春玉米滴灌施肥过程中水氮科学管理提供指导依据。     

Effect of co-cultivation and crop rotation on corm rot disease of Gladiolus

Field and pot experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of co-cultivation and crop rotation on the growth and corm rot disease of gladiolus (Gladiolus grandiflorus sect. Blandus) cv. Aarti caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. gladioli (Massey) Snyd. and Hans. In the field experiment, gladiolus was co-cultivated with 10 agricultural/horticultural crops viz. Allium cepa L., Brassica campestris L., Capsicum annuum L., Eruca sativa Mill., Helianthus annuus L., Tagetes erectus L., Zea mays L., Vinca rosea L. and Rosa indica L., in a soil infested with F. oxysporum. All the crops except V. rosea and R. indica reduced disease incidence. The effect of H. annuus and T. erectus was significant and more pronounced than other co-cultivated crops. In general, root and shoot dry biomass, corm fresh weight, number of cormlets and number of flowers per spike decreased as compared to the un-inoculated monoculture gladiolus treatment (negative control) but these parameters enhanced as compared to the F. oxysporum inoculated monoculture gladiolus treatment (positive control). In a pot experiment, all the crops of the field experiment except V. rosea and R. indica were sown in rotation with gladiolus. Pot grown plants of different species were harvested at maturity and the soil was inoculated with F. oxysporum. Gladiolus was cultivated 1 week after inoculation. Disease incidence was significantly suppressed in all the treatments ranging from 29% to 53%. The highest suppression of disease incidence was recorded in T. erectus (53%) followed by B. campestris (49%). The effect of preceding crops on various vegetative parameters was similar in the pot experiment to that of the field experiment. The present study suggests that corm rot disease of gladiolus can be managed by mixed cropping of H. annuus and T. erectus or cultivation of T. erectus and B. campestris in rotation.     

膜式空气弹簧动态特性有限元分析及试验研究

运用ABAQUS有限元软件仿真分析空气弹簧在不同频率与振幅激励下的动态特性,获得空气弹簧最小刚度频率曲线。通过与试验结果的比较,发现空气弹簧刚度随激励频率有一定变化规律,频率是影响空气弹簧动态力学性能的关键外在因素之一。     

赣中北“油稻稻”三熟制下头季稻叶片衰老频度对再生稻再生力的影响

为研究三熟制条件下适合种植的再生稻品种及头季叶片衰老频度对再生力特性的影响,在大田试验条件下,以10个杂交水稻品种为材料,比较分析了这些品种的再生力、再生季产量及头季衰老强度等若干性状。结果表明,头季不同品种结实率与再生季再生力呈正相关关系,相关系数为0.620,头季千粒重、叶干质量下降率、叶绿素含量下降率、产量与再生季再生力呈负相关关系,相关系数分别为-0.522、-0.516、-0.637、-0.676。再生季有效穗数与再生力呈显著正相关关系,与活芽率呈负相关,相关系数分别为0.757和-0.615。头季结实率、叶片叶绿素含量、产量,以及再生季有效穗数和千粒重是影响再生力的重要因素。综合两季产量和再生力特性来看,深两优5814、C两优608、准两优608、丰两优香1号等4个品种可以作为再生稻在江西中北部的三熟制条件下种植。     

不同行株距机插对双季稻产量的影响

引入25 cm行距的插秧机,与生产上常用的30 cm行距插秧机进行小区对比试验,以探讨该型插秧机对乐清市早、晚稻的适应性及配套高产栽培技术。试验结果表明,早稻应用25 cm行距插秧机具有比较明显的增产优势;而连晚杂交稻应用行距25 cm插秧机的增产效果不明显。生产上应根据不同类型水稻的特征特性,正确掌握插秧密度,充分发挥各类插秧机的增产优势。     

Mixed cropping with ice plant alleviates the damage and the growth of cowpea under consecutive NaCl treatment and after the recovery from high salinity

We investigated the alleviative effects of mixed cropping using ice plant, which is one of the salt-accumulating halophytes, on the damage and growth inhibition of cowpea, which is not tolerant to high salinity. Three cropping patterns (mono cropping of cowpea and ice plant and their combination) were tested. The plants were treated with 0, 100, 200 and 300 mM NaCl for 14 days (consecutive NaCl). The plants were also treated with NaCl for 3 days, followed by 2 weeks (short-term recovery) and 1 month (long-term recovery) recovery. Salinity levels for short-term recovery were similar to those of the consecutive experiment, while the concentration of long-term recovery was 250 mM. The alleviative effects of mixed cropping in the consecutive NaCl experiment were observed at 200 and 300 mM NaCl. Mixed cropping significantly reduced the Na content in the cowpea leaves at 200 and 300 mM NaCl compared with mono cropping. In addition, the Na content in the soil of mix-cropped cowpea at 200 and 300 mM NaCl was statistically lower than that of the mono cropping. Mixed cropping was effective to recover from high concentration of NaCl in the experiments of short- and long-term recovery. These results indicate that mixed cropping with a halophyte could be effective in mitigating the damage and growth inhibition of a glycophyte not only under salinity but also under recovery periods.     

1961—2015年安徽省春季日照时数变化特征

为了研究安徽省春季日照时数变化特征,为合理安排农事提供依据,使用近55a(1961—2015年)安徽省春季78个气象台站逐日日照时数资料,利用相关分析、线性趋势分析、Mann-Kendall以及Morlet小波变换分析等方法对安徽省春季日照时数进行了分析,结果表明：安徽省春季多年平均日照时数在381.55—626.75h之间,呈北多南少的空间分布特征;春季日照时数年际变化明显,日照时数最多年为最少年的1.7倍。在近55a中,日照时数整体上呈现出先减后增的变化趋势;在各个年代中日照时数周期存在差异;在21世纪初日照时数由减少转为增加,属于突变现象;安徽省春季日照时数变化趋势存在明显的空间差异,淮北主要以减少趋势为主,江淮之间增减参半,沿江江南则主要表现为增加趋势。     

浅埋滴灌水氮运筹对春玉米产量及水分利用效率的影响

采用二因素二次饱和D-最优设计,于2016-2017年在辽西半干旱区移动遮雨棚内进行了水氮精量控制试验,设灌溉量和施氮量2个因素,灌溉量分别设145.4、271.7、348.2、436.2 mm 4个水平,施氮量分别设0、84.6、136.1、195.0 kg·hm^-2 4个水平,共6个处理。试验分析了水氮交互作用对春玉米产量和水分利用效率的影响,建立了产量回归模型。研究结果表明：浅埋滴灌条件下,灌溉量在145.4~350.5 mm时,春玉米产量随灌溉量的增加而增高至11 005.60 kg·hm^-2;灌溉量在350.5~436.2 mm时,产量随灌溉量的增加而降低至10 730.09 kg·hm^-2;施氮量在0~146.9 kg·hm^-2时,产量随施氮量的增加而增高至10 983.19 kg·hm^-2,施氮量在146.9~195.0 kg·hm^-2时,产量随施氮量的增加而降低至10 862.39 kg·hm^-2。灌溉量因素的影响大于施氮量,水氮之间有明显的正向交互效应,当灌溉量为373.1 mm,施氮量为165.6 kg·hm^-2时产量最高。作物耗水量在拔节-抽雄期和灌浆-收获期较大,分别为115.64、127.50 mm;水分利用效率随灌溉量的增加呈逐渐降低趋势,降低幅度达到52.21%,随着施氮量的增加则呈先升高后降低趋势,增幅为14.73%~20.08%;其中处理6（灌溉量348.2 mm,施氮量195.0 kg·hm^-2)最利于水分利用效率的提高。综合产量和水分利用效率两方面的因素,初步建立了春玉米浅埋滴灌水氮施用优化模式,参数组合为灌溉量348.2 mm、施氮量165.6 kg·hm^-2。     

春玉米叶片光合生理参数对土壤水分的阈值响应及其生产力分级

试验设正常灌水处理和干旱胁迫处理,讨论春玉米叶片的光合生理参数对土壤水分的阈值响应并进行生产力分级。结果表明:正常灌水处理的叶片光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)和气孔导度(Gs)呈单峰曲线变化,胞间CO2浓度(Ci)和气孔限制值(Ls)对水分变化具有相反的响应变化。干旱胁迫处理下叶片的Pn、Tr在进行控水后明显下降,灌浆以前Pn下降主要是由气孔限制引起的。随着水分胁迫的加剧,光合结构受损,Pn下降,主要受非气孔因素限制。短期干旱胁迫会适当降低玉米的水分利用效率(WUE),但是下降程度不显著,WUE能达到中等水平。长期严重的水分胁迫后,WUE下降明显,与正常灌水处理相比差异极显著。以光合生理参数为指标对玉米土壤水分有效性及生产力进行分级与评价,确定当36.8%<土壤相对湿度(RWC)<42.7%时为低产低效水;42.7%相似文献   

施肥枪分次追施对贵州春马铃薯产量、结薯性状及土壤肥力的影响

为探究施肥枪施肥技术在贵州春马铃薯生产中的应用效果,采用田间试验方法研究了施肥枪分次施肥对马铃薯产量、结薯性状、养分与品质以及土壤肥力状况的影响。结果表明,与习惯施肥(CK2)相比,采用施肥枪分次施肥可显著提高马铃薯产量0.6%~19.6%,且随着追施比例的增加,马铃薯产量呈递增趋势,以20%基施+80%分次追施(T4)处理的产量最高,达到26 195 kg/hm2;40%基施+60%分次追施(T3)和20%基施+80%分次追施(T4)处理的马铃薯单株产量较习惯施肥(CK2)分别提高18.6%和26.0%,单株结薯数、大中薯数以及大中薯率的增加是马铃薯增产的原因;采用施肥枪分次施肥可以提高马铃薯茎块的含氮、磷、钾量,并改善马铃薯品质,以20%基施+80%分次追施(T4)处理效果最佳,其含氮、磷、钾以及淀粉量较习惯施肥(CK2)分别提高2.7%、22.2%、10.4%和41.2%,但对马铃薯还原糖量影响不大;施肥枪分次施肥可改善土壤肥力状况,尤其是在提高土壤p H值、土壤全钾和速效钾量方面较为明显,此外通过逐步回归分析发现马铃薯产量与马铃薯淀粉量和土壤碱解氮量存在极显著的相关性。综上所述,施肥枪分次施肥可适用于西南丘陵旱地马铃薯种植栽培,以20%基施+80%分次追施(T4)效果最佳。