Potential for Incorporation of Early and Late Leafspot Resistance in Peanut*

A detached leaf technique was used to evaluate components of resistance to both early and late leafspot caused by Cercospora arachidicola Hori and Cercosporidium personatum (Berk, and Curt.) Deighton, respectively, for F₂ plants of two peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) crosses (FESR 5-P2-B1 /PI 269685 and PI 35068Q/GP-NC 343), No negative correlations were obtained when comparing components of resistance to early leafspot with components of resistance to late leafspot, indicating that the resistances are inherited independently. A small number of F₂ plants had greater partial resistance to both leafspots than their parents when evaluated by an index including percent necrotic area, latent period and sporulation. Broad sense heritabilities of resistance components were moderate to high (0.4 to 0.8) for the F₂ populations. A visual sporulation rating scale was significantly correlated (0.8 to 0.9) with conidia per lesion and conidia per necrotic area. The data suggest that peanut cultivars resistant to both leafspots can be developed.     

金龟子绿僵菌菌株培养基的改良

采用液体振荡与固体平板双培养的方法,对金龟子绿僵菌MA4,MAIml两菌株的培养基进行改良.研究结果表明:MA4,MAIml菌株的最适复合碳源均为玉米粉、最适氮源为蛋白胨、最适碳氮比为4:1(m:m,下同)、碳浓度分别为0.5,1.0mol/L,即改PPDA培养基为:MA4菌株以11.8g/L的玉米粉代替蔗糖,17.1g/L的酵母浸膏代替蛋白胨;而MAlml菌株的则以23.6g/L的玉米粉代替蔗糖,蛋白胨由10.0g/L更换为16.2g/L.     

大豆灰斑病产孢动态的定量研究

通过生长箱内人工接种试验和定点取样调查两个途径，分别研究了温度、保湿时间、斑龄及温、湿度综合作用对大豆灰斑病叶斑产孢的影响。结果表明，温度、湿度及其互作对病斑产孢均有显著影响，病斑日龄也是影响其产孢的重要因素。单个病斑的传染期一般为１９－２０天，以显症后第十一天产孢最多，供试三个品种规律一致。     

食线虫性真菌Duddingtonia flagrans F088的生长和产孢特性

【目的】研究食线虫性真菌Duddingtonia flagrans生长特性和不同营养要素对产孢量的影响,为其规模化发酵工艺的确定提供参考。【方法】以D.flagrans F088分离株为研究对象,研究该菌培养过程中pH值、厚垣孢子产量、菌丝干质量等指标的变化;通过单因素试验及正交试验,研究几种常见碳源、氮源、无机盐、维生素和碳氮比对厚垣孢子产量和菌丝平均生长速率的影响。【结果】供试真菌在培养2 d后进入对数生长期,4 d时达到高峰(OD_(600)值为7.46,菌丝干质量为12.07 g/L),而pH快速下降至4.45;3 d开始产生厚垣孢子,4 d时呈爆发式增长。OD_(600)与菌丝干质量、厚垣孢子产量呈极显著正相关,与pH呈极显著负相关。单因素试验结果表明,产生厚垣孢子的最佳碳源为白糖,氮源为大豆蛋白胨,碳氮比为40∶1,维生素为V_(B_1)、无机盐为MgSO_4;菌丝生长较好的碳源为红糖,氮源为大豆蛋白胨,与对照相比,无机盐和维生素对菌丝生长无显著促进作用。4因素3水平正交试验结果显示,D.flagrans F088产生厚垣孢子和菌丝生长的最佳配方组合为:30 g/L白糖、4 g/L大豆蛋白胨、1 g/L MgSO_4和30 mg/L V_(B_1)。【结论】初步明确了D.flagrans F088培养过程中pH、厚垣孢子产量、菌丝干质量等的变化趋势,确定了该菌菌丝平均生长速率和厚垣孢子产量达到最佳时的营养要素和配方组成。     

Characterizing the variation in aggressiveness and sporulation of the NA1 and EU1 lineages of Phytophthora ramorum in Oregon

Phytophthora ramorum, the cause of sudden oak death, is an invasive pathogen present in parts of coastal California and south-western Oregon forests. The majority of these forest infestations have been caused by the NA1 clonal lineage. In 2015, the EU1 lineage of P. ramorum was isolated from a tanoak (Notholithocarpus densiflorus) tree located in a mixed-conifer forest of Curry County, Oregon. In order to evaluate the threat to Oregon forests of the EU1 lineage relative to the established NA1 lineage, a series of experiments was conducted comparing aggressiveness and sporulation of NA1 and EU1 isolates on logs and seedlings in the growth chamber and forest. There was no significant difference in lesion size on logs inoculated with NA1 and EU1 isolates for any of the tree species tested. Across all seedling experiments differences among isolates within lineage, in terms of both aggressiveness and sporulation, were more commonly observed than differences among lineages. Site to site variation in tanoak sporulation, as measured by rain bucket baiting, appears to be correlated with the number of P. ramorum-positive seedlings detected at each site.     

Fitness characteristics of the European lineages of Phytophthora ramorum

As an introduced pathogen, Phytophthora ramorum exists as four near-clonal evolutionary lineages, of which only EU1 and EU2 are established in the UK. EU1 has become widespread since the first findings in 2002 whereas EU2, detected in 2011, has a more limited distribution. Both lineages are epidemic in plantation-grown larch, sporulating asexually on needles, but also causing heavy dieback and mortality. To understand whether EU1 and EU2 pose different threats to forest health, we compared their growth characteristics on agar, pathogenicity on several hosts, and sporulation on Japanese larch needles. When pathogenicity was evaluated by measuring colonization at 20 °C in mature bark (phloem) of Japanese and European larch (Larix kaempferi and L. decidua), English oak (Quercus robur), and beech (Fagus sylvatica), Japanese larch was the most susceptible and oak the least susceptible. On average, EU2 isolates produced significantly larger lesions than EU1 isolates in Japanese larch and oak although not in the other hosts. With tests using young saplings of Japanese and European larch, damaging bark lesions formed at both 10 °C and 20 °C, but EU2 was significantly more pathogenic at 20 °C on both hosts compared with EU1. In contrast, both lineages caused similar amounts of necrosis on inoculated leaves of rhododendron (Rhododendron ponticum). Moreover, EU2 isolates usually sporulated less abundantly on larch needles compared with EU1 isolates, suggesting a trade-off in pathogenicity and sporulation between lineages. As EU2 tends to have smaller sporangia than EU1, this could also reduce the inoculum potential of EU2.     

Production of conidia by Peronospora farinosa f. sp. spinaciae

Conidium production byPeronospora farinosa f. sp.spinaciae (pathotype 3) was measured daily on colonies induced on leaves of spinach cvs Breedblad Scherpzaad (BS) and Huro. Distinction was made between colonies grown at temperatures of 10 and 15°C. Spore production was expressed as number of spores produced per stoma. There was a significant difference between total spore production on lesions on BS at 10 °C and that on lesions on the three other cultivartemperature combinations tested. Also a significant difference in the average sporulation period was observed between lesions produced at 10 and those at 15 °C. The same significant difference in response to temperature was found in the sporulation per stoma in the course of time.Samenvatting De conidiënproduktie vanPeronospora farinosa f. sp. spinaciae (fysio 3) werd dagelijks bepaald aan kolonies, welke op bladeren van de spinaziecultivars Breedblad Scherpzaad (BS) en Huro werden geïnduceerd. Daarbij werd onderscheid gemaakt tussen kolonies welke zich bij 10 en bij 15 °C hadden ontwikkeld. De sporenproduktie werd omgerekend naar het aantal sporen per huidmondje. Er was een significant verschil tussen de totale sporenproduktie op lesies op BS bij 10 °C en die op lesies op de drie andere getoetste cultivar-temperatuur combinaties. Er kon ook een significant verschil in de gemiddelde sporulatieperiode worden waargenomen tussen de lesies ontstaan bij 10 en bij 15 °C. Een dergelimk significant verschil in temperatuurreactie kon ook worden gevonden in het verloop van de soorulatie per huidmondje in de tijd.     

Effect of Essential Oils from Citrus Varieties on in vitro Growth and Sporulation of Phaeoramularia angolensis Causing Citrus Leaf and Fruit Spot Disease

Citrus leaf and fruit spot disease caused by Phaeoramularia angolensis is a serious production constraint in tropical Africa. In previous studies, essential oils extracted from fruit peels of two tolerant varieties exhibited a strong antifungal activity in vitro against P. angolensis as compared to oils from susceptible ones. In order to investigate if the susceptibility of citrus varieties is associated with the antifungal activity of their essential oils, some 22 varieties of different susceptibility levels (tolerant, susceptible and highly susceptible) and belonging to different botanical groups were studied. Oils extracted from fruit peels were evaluated for their activity against radial growth and sporulation using the poisoned food technique. The optimal doses for growth inhibition and conidial reduction were 2500 and 1000 ppm, respectively. At these doses, radial growth and sporulation exceeded the untreated control respectively for four and nine varieties suggesting that oils from these varieties promote fungal development. In general, oils from the tolerant group were most effective in reducing radial growth irrespective of dose. The highly susceptible group ranked first in reducing sporulation at dose 1000 ppm (45.93%) while at higher doses of about 2000–2500 ppm, oils from the tolerant varieties could reduce sporulation up to 100%. The marked dose effect in reducing sporulation suggests that there may be different compounds acting with changing dose. Botanically, oils from pummelo (Citrus maxima, tolerant group), were best in reducing radial growth (>87% inhibition) while those from grapefruits (C. paradisi, highly susceptible group) were most effective in reducing sporulation (>64% reduction).     

Characterization of Neofabraea vagabunda isolates causing apple bull's eye rot in Italy (Emilia‐Romagna region)

Neofabraea vagabunda is the prevalent cause of bull's eye rot, one of the main postharvest diseases of apple, in many producing areas, but its biology has not been studied in detail. The molecular identification, by DNA sequencing of the β‐tubulin region, of 41 isolates collected from apples showing bull's eye rot in the Emilia‐Romagna region confirmed N. vagabunda as the main species in Italy. A biological and morphological characterization of N. vagabunda isolates was performed in vitro. Assays at temperatures ranging from 0 to 30 °C carried out on 10 isolates demonstrated: (i) a marked influence of temperature on colony morphology, conidial production, conidial size and mycelial growth, showing the cold‐tolerant character of N. vagabunda; and (ii) that culture at 15 °C on tomato agar (TA) for 14 days is a rapid and reliable method to favour pathogen conidial production. Trials performed on 38 isolates using these incubation conditions recorded the presence of two N. vagabunda morphotypes, differing for colony morphology, conidial size, conidiomata formation and temperature requirement. The alkalizing ability of the pathogen during growth on TA was also demonstrated for the first time. The pathogenicity of 25 N. vagabunda isolates was proved in vivo on artificially infected Cripps Pink apples. A pH increase was also recorded in apple tissue infected by N. vagabunda isolates (on average 0.2 and 0.3 units of pH after 60 and 120 days of incubation, respectively), suggesting that the N. vagabunda transition from quiescence to necrotrophic colonization in apples could involve the secretion of alkalizing compounds.     

黄曲条跳甲高致病力绿僵菌的筛选及培养特性研究

本研究测定了8株绿僵菌菌株对黄曲条跳甲成虫的致病力,旨在筛选出感染黄曲条跳甲的高致病力菌株,为生物防治提供新的资源。筛选获得1株对黄曲条跳甲有较高致病力的菌株Ma6;室内毒力测定结果显示,在25℃下,菌株Ma6孢子悬浮液浓度8.0×108个·mL~(-1)处理黄曲条跳甲成虫,其LT_(50)为4.09d;致病力复测试验结果表明,7d累计死亡率达到100%,对黄曲条跳甲成虫表现较强的致病力。菌株Ma6的生物学特性研究表明,其最适产孢培养基为PDA培养基,最适产孢温度为25℃,最适产孢pH为pH=7,光照条件为先黑暗6d再光照8d有利于其产孢。