内陆干旱区农业发展的水资源“增长阻力”——黑河中游实证研究

水资源短缺已成为制约内陆干旱区农业可持续发展的关键因子。本文在借鉴罗默的“增长阻力”概念模型的基础上,以地处黑河中游的民乐县和临泽县为典型研究区域,利用2000—2010年的农业生产面板数据集,度量了水资源紧缺对内陆干旱区农业生产的制约程度。结果表明,由于水资源要素的限制,民乐县和临泽县的农业总产值平均每年的增速要比上年降低0.9979个百分点和0.6228个百分点。在此基础上,对“增长阻力”的影响因素进行了进一步分析,并从节水设施改造,构建农田水利设施的长效机制,发展特色节水农业,提高水资源社会化管理水平和营造节水型社会建设的氛围五个方面,就如何减少水资源要素对农业发展的“增长阻力”提出了相应的政策建议。     

Developmental competence of heat stressed oocytes from Holstein and Limousine cows matured in vitro

The negative effects of heat stress on dairy cattle's fertility have been extensively studied, but the relevant knowledge for beef cattle is rather limited. The aims of this study were to investigate the effects of HS during in vitro maturation on the developmental potential of oocytes derived from Limousine and Holstein cows and to estimate the effect of the differential gene expression of important genes in oocytes, cumulus cells and blastocysts in the growth competence between the breeds. In seven replicates, cumulus oocyte complexes from Holstein and Limousine cows were matured for 24 hr at 39°C (controls C; Hol_39, Lim_39) or at 41°C from hour 2 to hour 8 of IVM (treated T; Hol_41, Lim_41), fertilized, and presumptive zygotes were cultured for 9 days at 39°C. Cleavage and embryo formation rates were evaluated 48 hr post-insemination and on days 7, 8 and 9, respectively. From all groups, subsets of cumulus cells, oocytes and blastocysts were analysed for the relative expression of genes related to metabolism, stress, apoptosis and placentation. No difference was detected in cleavage rate or in blastocyst formation rate among the control groups. In both breeds, heat stress reduced blastocyst yield, but at all days the suppression was higher in Limousines. In Holsteins, altered gene expression was detected in cumulus cells (G6PD, GLUT1) and blastocysts (PLAC8), while in Limousines, differences were found in oocytes (G6PD, HSP90AA1), in cumulus cells (CPT1B, HSP90AA1, SOD2) and blastocysts (DNMT, HSP90AA1, SOD2). It appears that Holstein COCs are more tolerant than Limousine COCs, possibly due to compulsory, production driven selection.     

Effect of Heat Stress on Milk Production,Rectal Temperature,Respiratory Rate and Blood Chemistry in Holstein,Jersey and Australian Milking Zebu Cows

The effect of heat stress on changes in milk production, rectal temperature, respiratory rate and blood chemistry was evaluated in three groups of six mature Holstein, Jersey and Australian Milking Zebu (AMZ) dairy cows. These animals were subjected to a cool environment when the mean temperature-humidity index (THI) was 72+/-1.4 (dry bulb temperature of 22.2-24.4 degrees C and relative humidity of 100-60%) during the month of December. This experiment was repeated during the hotter month of July of the following year, when the mean THI was 93+/-3.1 (dry bulb temperature of 35.6-43.9 degrees C and relative humidity 95-35%). Holstein cows produced more (p <0.01) milk than AMZ and Jersey cows during the cooler months of the year and all the cows were dry during the hotter months from June until September. Heat stress increased (p<0.01) rectal temperature and respiratory rate in all three breeds. Heat stress had no effect on blood pH in Holstein and AMZ cows but lowered (p <0.01) blood pH from 7.42 to 7.34 in Jersey cows. In addition, heat stress lowered (p <0.01) blood pCO2 (kPa), bicarbonate (HCO3, mmol/L), base excess (BE, mmol/L) and plasma chloride (Cl-, mmol/L) in all three breeds. The total haemoglobin (THb, g/dl) was elevated (p <0.01) in all three breeds when they were subjected to heat stress. Heat stress increased (p<0.01) oxygen saturation (O2SAT, %) in Jersey and AMZ cows but lowered it (p <0.01) in Holstein cows. On the other hand, heat stress increased (p <0.01)pO2 (kPa) in Holstein and Jersey cows but lowered it (p <0.01) in AMZ cows. Heat stress increased (p <0.01) plasma potassium (K, mmol/L) and calcium (Ca, mmol/L) only in Holstein and Jersey cows but lowered them (p<0.01) in AMZ cows. The plasma glucose (GLU, mmol/L) increased (p<0.01) with heat stress in Holstein and AMZ cows but decreased (p <0.01) in Jersey cows. Heat stress increased (p<0.01) plasma creatinine (CR, (mol/L) but lowered (p<0.01) plasma creatinine phosphokinase (CPK, IU/L), aspartate aminotransferase (AST, IU/L) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN, mmol/L) in all three breeds. These results indicate that heat-stressed Holstein and AMZ cows were able to maintain their acid-base balance with a marginal change in their pH of 0.02 when their rectal temperatures increased by 0.47 and 0.38 degrees C, respectively. When heat stress increased the rectal temperature in Jersey cows by 0.70 degrees C, the pH decreased (p<0.01) from 7.42 to 7.34. However, even with this decrease 0.08 the pH is still within the lower physiological limit of 7.31.     

三个地方鸡种产蛋性状配合力测定

以文昌鸡、如皋黄鸡、仙居鸡为素材,采用完全双列杂交测定配合力,统计各周龄体重、开产蛋重、产蛋高峰期蛋重、开产至40周龄料蛋比、开产至40周龄平均产蛋率,计算一般配合力和特殊配合力效应值.结果表明:父本对开产至40周龄平均产蛋率及入舍母鸡产蛋数贡献较大,母本对蛋重影响较大;文昌鸡♂×仙居鸡♀组合开产至40周龄料蛋比最低、40周龄产蛋数最高,为最佳配套组合,可在生产中配套使用.     

氮输入对土壤甲烷产生、氧化和传输过程的影响及其机制

随着人为氮输入的增加,外源氮成为影响土壤甲烷产生、氧化和传输过程的重要因素。土壤甲烷排放受氮素有效性的调节,氮输入会改变土壤初始环境和甲烷排放规律,最终影响甲烷排放量。综述了氮输入对土壤甲烷产生、氧化和传输过程的影响及机制。研究表明,1)氮输入对甲烷排放通量的影响存在促进、抑制和不显著3种情况,这主要是甲烷产生、氧化和传输过程的变化引起的;2)氮输入对甲烷产生过程的影响受产甲烷底物和产甲烷微生物活性的控制,氮输入通过增加土壤有机碳的含量为甲烷产生提供了丰富的底物,同时底物理化性质和植被覆盖度的变化使得这种影响复杂化,氮输入既可促进又可抑制产甲烷菌的活性,并且这种作用受氮形态的影响;3)氮输入对甲烷氧化过程的影响主要是通过刺激或抑制甲烷氧化菌的活性实现的,氮形态的不同也使得这种变化更为复杂;4)氮输入对甲烷传输过程的影响主要受植物通气组织的数量以及传输效率的控制,并且在不同生态系统这种控制作用差异较大。综上所述,氮输入对土壤甲烷产生、氧化和传输过程的影响及机制具有明显的复杂性和不确定性,今后研究中应综合考虑氮输入对甲烷排放关键过程的影响,并侧重于探讨氮输入对相关微生物群落结构、丰度和活性的影响,同时注重对各个生态系统的协同研究,确定氮输入影响下各个生态系统对全球甲烷排放的贡献率。     

Study on Probiotic Characteristics of Eleven Bacillus subtilis Strains

The purpose of this study was to investigate the property of antibacterial, production of enzymes, tolerance and in vitro digestibility of 11 Bacillus subtilis strains.9 Bacillus subtilis strains were screened out according to antibacterial property and production of enzymes. After tests of heat, pH tolerance, artificial gastrointestinal fluid and pig bile salt,6 Bacillus subtilis strains had good performance in simulation of animal digestive tract and strong heat tolerance in the process of production. Meanwhile, 5 strains BLCC1-1, BLCC1-2, BLCC1-3,BLCC1-4 and BLCC1-6 had good digestion effects on different combinations of feeds. Based on the above results,it suggested that BLCC1-1, BLCC1-2, BLCC1-4 and BLCC1-6 had excellent production of enzymes, tolerance and in vitro digestibility, which might be suitable for using as feed additives and further research.     

中国牧草种子生产现状及需求分析调研报告

为全面掌握中国草种生产现状及未来供需情况,对我国草种子生产现状及未来草种子供需形势进行了调查研究,查阅了相关文献,统计了近几年来全国草种子地区分布、面积、产量和草种子类别,并分析预测了未来几年我国草种的供求趋势,对比了发达国家在草种生产方面的经验和成果,以供行业发展和决策参考。     

Estimation of milk production losses due to sub-clinical mastitis in dairy cattle in Costa Rica

Five dairy farms, situated on the slopes of the volcano Poás in the pre-mountain cloud forest ecological zone, Alajuela and Heredia Provinces, Costa Rica, provided data for estimation of the production losses due to sub-clinical mastitis. Within the same farm, cows with proven sub-clinical mastitis were matched with cows without signs of sub-clinical mastitis, according to breed, lactation number and days in lactation. A total of 529 cows were detected with sub-clinical mastitis, of which only 200 could be paired with control cows free of mastitis; each pair was used only once.

Crude milk production losses per cow with sub-clinical mastitis were estimated at 1.56 kg day⁻¹for daily milk yield. Milk production loss per affected quarter due to sub-clinical mastitis was estimated to be 17.6% on average. The decrease in milk production in heifers with sub-clinical mastitis did not differ significantly from the decrease in production in older cows. No significant difference in milk production loss was detected when the data were stratified on parity or the number of quarters affected.     

分蘖洋葱的特性及高效栽培技术研究

分蘖洋葱最突出的特性是分蘖性强，生长快，分蘖的多少直接影响分蘖洋葱的产量。试验表明：12-20℃条件最适宜其生长，良好的土壤营养和适宜的环境有利于分蘖洋葱的分蘖生长，获得高产、优质商品。