Tracing Sediment Sources Using Mid‐infrared Spectroscopy in Arvorezinha Catchment,Southern Brazil

The widespread adoption of the sediment fingerprinting approach to guide catchment management has been limited by the cost and the difficulty to prepare and process samples for geochemical and radionuclide analyses. Spectral properties have recently been shown to provide a rapid and cost‐efficient alternative for this purpose. The current research objective was (i) to quantify the sediment source contributions in a 1∙19‐km² rural catchment of Southern Brazil by using mid‐infrared (MIR) spectroscopy and (ii) to compare these results with those obtained with geochemical approach and near‐infrared and ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy methods. The sediment sources to discriminate were cropland surface (n  = 20), unpaved roads (n  = 10) and stream channel banks (n  = 10). Twenty‐nine suspended sediment samples were collected at the catchment outlet during nine significant flood events. The sources could be distinguished by MIR spectroscopy. Cropland and channel bank sources mainly differed in their clay mineral contents, but their similar organic matter content complicated the MIR‐model predictions. Unpaved road contributions were discriminated from the other sources by their lower organic carbon content. When the results of the current research based on MIR spectroscopy are compared with those obtained using other sediment fingerprinting approaches, based on geochemistry and near‐infrared and ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, an overestimation of channel banks contribution and an underestimation of cropland and unpaved road contributions is found. These results suggest that MIR spectroscopy can provide a useful tool that is non‐destructive, rapid and cheap for tracing sediment sources in rural catchments and for guiding the implementation of soil and water conservation measures. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Mapping Ridolfia segetum patches in sunflower crop using remote sensing

Ridolfia segetum is a frequent umbelliferous weed in sunflower crops in the Mediterranean basin. Field and remote sensing research was conducted in 2003 and 2004 over two naturally infested fields to determine the potential of multispectral imagery for discrimination and mapping of R. segetum patches in sunflower crops. The efficiency of the four wavebands blue (B), green (G), red (R) and near‐infrared (NIR), selected vegetation indices and the spectral angle mapper (SAM) classification method were studied using aerial photographs taken in the late vegetative (mid‐May), flowering (mid‐June) and senescence (mid‐July) crop growth stages. Discrimination efficiency of R. segetum patches in sunflower crops is consistently affected by their phenological stages, in this order: flowering > senescence > vegetative. In both fields, R. segetum patches were efficiently discriminated in mid‐June, corresponding to the flowering phase, by using the waveband G, the ratio R/B or SAM with overall accuracies ranging from 85% to 98%. The application of the median‐filtering algorithm to any of the classified images improved the accuracy. Our results suggest that mapping R. segetum weed patches in sunflower to implement site‐specific weed management techniques is feasible with aerial photography when images are taken from 8 to 10 weeks before harvesting.     

红树植物地面反射光谱特征研究

结合使用野外便携式光谱仪对九龙江口红树林保护区白骨壤、秋茄、桐花树3种红树植物的叶冠表观光谱的测量结果,系统分析比较了红树植物叶冠反射光谱特征及其差异;并在一个潮间带底质遥感信息处理平台上对研究地点进行基于表观光谱特征的白骨壤和秋茄的SPOT卫星遥感图像分类;最后讨论了红树光谱研究中存在的问题。     

基于仿真理论确定缓冲特性曲线方法的研究

本论文探索了一条确定缓冲特性方法的新途径，通过测定缓冲材料的静态特性与一次动态；中击数据为基础，建立数学模型，利用最小二乘法进行误差分析，并使用Madab/Simulink软件仿真出缓冲特性曲线。这种方法得出的缓冲特性曲线准确性高、试验周期短，待理论成熟必将成为今后缓冲材料特性测试的主要方法。     

5种光响应模型对小叶杨的适用性分析

采用Li-6400光合仪测定CO2400μmol·mol-1条件下小叶杨的光响应数据。分别采用直角双曲线修正模型、二次多项式模型、直角双曲线模型、非直角双曲线模型及指数模型对光响应曲线进行拟合,探讨5种模型对小叶杨的适用性。结果表明:直角双曲线、非直角双曲线及指数模型不能处理光抑制部分的光响应数据,且得到的最大净光合速率大于实测值,光饱和点远小于实测值;二次多项式虽能处理光抑制部分的光响应数据,但得到的光合参数有悖常识;直角双曲线修正模型不仅能处理光抑制部分的光响应数据,且拟合得到的各项光合参数均与实际相符,是拟合小叶杨光响应曲线的最适宜模型。     

基于高光谱图谱融合技术的英德红茶等级快速无损判别

茶叶等级评价是检测茶叶品质的一项重要技术指标。通过提取红茶高光谱成像技术下的图像特征和光谱特征,构建一种基于图谱融合方法、适用于英德红茶等级评价的快速无损判别模型。首先制备3种不同等级的红茶样本,采用t分布-随机近邻嵌入和主成分分析对光谱数据进行降维可视化分析,然后从影响内在品质角度用连续投影法提取每种化学值的特征波长,通过多模型共识策略和竞争性自适应重加权算法-连续投影法筛选得出表征其内在品质的最佳特征波长组合,并建立基于遗传算法优化支持向量机的等级判别模型;其模型的训练集准确率为88%,预测集准确率为78.33%。为了融合外形纹理差异,先提取最佳特征波长组合对应的高光谱图像;采用图像掩膜消除背景的干扰和采用图像主成分分析消除多波长图像间的冗余信息,然后采用灰度共生矩阵和局部二值化算法提取主成分前三维主成分图像与特征光谱融合,并建立基于特征融合的遗传算法优化支持向量机等级判别模型,且基于第三主成分图像特征融合模型判别效果最佳,训练集准确率提升至98%,预测集准确率提升至96.67%。     

西鄂尔多斯保护区沙冬青高光谱特征分析

沙冬青是亚洲荒漠唯一的常绿阔叶灌木,由于分布范围狭小、人为调查困难、资源分布不清,加上人类活动的破坏,其数量正在不断减少。快速、准确识别其生长状况、种群动态对进一步研究沙冬青种群分布及生长监测具有重要意义。采用便携式地物光谱仪测定不同龄级沙冬青反射光谱,利用马氏距离法对其原始光谱、一二阶微分谱特征差异波段选取分析;将冠层原始及其微分光谱与叶片叶绿素含量进行分析。通过其相关性的大小理解沙冬青的生长状况与叶绿素含量间的关系。结果表明:1)不同龄级沙冬青原始光谱曲线趋势较接近,符合植被光谱特征的规律性,幼龄沙冬青反射率差异较明显;不同龄级微分光谱曲线基本一致,幼龄峰值起伏变化显著,极大峰值位于719 nm处,主要受幼龄沙冬青长势的影响;2)通过分析得出马氏距离法对不同龄级沙冬青光谱差异显著波段的选择具有显著性,且所选择波段均为光谱特征波段;3)冠层光谱与叶绿素相关性分析得出不同龄级与叶绿素的敏感波长均为<740 nm的可见光波长范围内,说明可见光波段属于沙冬青叶绿素光谱反应的敏感波;与原始光谱相比,经过导数处理的微分光谱与叶片叶绿素的相关性更高,且相关性大的波段数明显增加。     

Proteomic Characterization of Equine Cerebrospinal Fluid

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a biofluid that is reflective of overall health. Although proteomic profiling of human CSF has been performed in the context of a variety of disease states, this report represents the first comprehensive proteomic analysis of equine CSF. A total of 320 proteins were confidently identified across six healthy horses, and these proteins were further characterized by gene ontology terms mapped in UniProt, and normalized spectral abundance factors were calculated as a measure of relative abundance. Theses results provide an optimized protocol for analysis of equine CSF and lay the groundwork for future studies involving the study of equine CSF in the context of pathogenic disease states.     

基于NIR及PLS-PCR-SVR预测森林土壤有机碳含量

森林土壤有机碳含量是表征林地土壤营养状况的重要指标,该文建立了土壤有机碳含量的近红外光谱定标模型,并比较了偏最小二乘法（PLS）、支持向量机回归（SVR）、主成分回归（PCR）3种建模方法及Savitzky-Golay平滑＋多元散射校正、Savitzky-Golay平滑＋一阶导数、Savitzky-Golay平滑＋二阶导数、Savitzky-Golay平滑＋多元散射校正＋一阶导数、Savitzky-Golay平滑＋多元散射校正＋二阶导数5种光谱预处理方法对土壤有机碳含量定标模型精度的影响,同时进行了波段优选。结果表明：当光谱区域为1 380～1 450 nm,1 800～1 950 nm,2 050～2 300 nm,光谱数据采用Savitzky-Golay平滑＋多元散射校正＋一阶导数预处理,采用PLS的建模方法,主成分数为8时,建立的校正模型预测效果最佳。校正模型的R、RMSE、SEC分别为0.805 2、0.512 2、0.512 5;预测模型的R、RMSE、SEP分别为0.768 1、0.514 3、0.514 6。因此,利用近红外光谱技术可以实现土壤有机碳含量的快速估测,为林区实时、大面积、快速测定森林土壤有机碳含量提供了技术可行性。     

用数值方法解决弹道曲线的有关问题

利用龙格—库塔方法解弹道曲线方程组，其精度不够，也不能较完整地给出道弹曲线的解析式。本文直接从解内察方程出发，运用祥条函数磨光法，解决了这些问题，也解决了弹道曲线的计算与选择问题。