Effect of phosphorus fertilizer application on the performance of maize/soybean intercrop in the southern Guinea savanna of Nigeria

Field experiments were conducted at the Teaching and Research Farm, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria in 2007 and 2008 to determine the effects of phosphorus fertilizer application on performance of intercropped maize and soybean. The experiments, arranged as a split plot in a randomized complete block design, replicated four times. A cropping system with sole maize, sole soybean and maize/soybean intercrop formed the main plot treatments while P rates with 0, 15 and 30 kg P₂O₅ ha^?1 were the subplot treatments. For both years, neither P fertilizer application nor cropping systems had a significant effect on maize grain yield. However, soybean grain yield was significantly higher (92.3% in 2007 and 44.5% in 2008) under sole cropping than under maize/soybean intercropping. On average, N fixed by soybean increased with the increase in P rate (from 51.8% without P to 60.5% with 30 P), but there was no significant difference in N fixed by sole soybean and soybean/maize intercrop. However, the interaction effect on N fixed between cropping systems and P rates was significant (P ≤ 0.05). N, P and K contents in maize grain were significantly higher (>100%) in intercropped maize than in sole maize. The cropping systems had no significant effect on post-harvest soil chemical characteristics. The land equivalent ratio was 1.52 in 2007 and 1.78 in 2008. The result shows that in utilizing legumes for N enrichment, the alleviation of P deficiency can enhance N₂-fixation by legumes. Furthermore, P replenishment in a maize/soybean intercrop may improve maize grain quality even though yield is not increased.     

Studies on the effect of humic acid on availability of phosphorus

It is believed that some organic compounds form complexes with iron and aluminum and prevent the fixation of phosphate applied to soils.     

引入地形因子的黑土区大豆干生物量遥感反演模型及验证

为了对田块尺度农作物地上干生物量进行估测,提高大豆地上干生物量反演模型的精度和稳定性,该文获取了研究区地块2016年7、8月份的SPOT-6多光谱数据,并测定不同地形坡位的大豆地上干生物量,以归一化植被指数(normalized difference vegetation index,NDVI)和增强型植被指数(enhanced vegetation index,EVI)为输入量,建立田块尺度大豆地上干生物量一元线性回归模型;加入与地上干生物量相关的地形因子,建立逐步多元回归和神经网络多层感知反演模型.结果表明:1)使用传统的单一植被指数模型预测大豆地上干生物量有可行性,但模型精度和稳定性不高.2)加入地形因子(海拔、坡度、坡向)的神经网络多层感知器模型,有较高的精度和可靠性,模型准确度达到90.4％,验证结果显示预估精度为96.2％.反演结果与地块的地形、地貌、气温和降水特征基本吻合,反映了作物长势的空间分布特征,可以为田块尺度大豆地上干生物量动态监测和精准管理,提供借科学依据.     

壳聚糖涂膜处理对冷藏砂糖橘冷害和品质影响

为探究壳聚糖对砂糖橘果实冷害的影响,以1℃贮藏的砂糖橘为对象,对果实进行1.0%壳聚糖涂膜处理,以未涂膜的果实作为对照,研究了壳聚糖涂膜处理对果实贮藏品质和膜脂过氧化作用的影响。结果表明,1℃条件下采用1.0%壳聚糖处理砂糖橘可延缓果实冷害的发生,显著提高果实的好果率,同时可以抑制TSS、TA、Vc含量的下降;1.0%壳聚糖处理砂糖橘果实在低温下保持了较高的POD、CAT和SOD活性,壳聚糖处理抑制了果实MDA含量的上升。由此可见,1.0%壳聚糖处理可以降低砂糖橘果实由于1℃不适宜低温造成的膜脂过氧化,保持果实贮藏品质,减轻果实的冷害症状。本研究结果为减缓砂糖橘果实冷害提供了一定的理论依据。     

枇杷幼果冻害低温等级指标的确定

根据福建省近5a枇杷幼果低温箱试验和低温过程山坡地枇杷冻害观测试验结果,以及主产省福建、浙江历史灾情资料,采用归纳分析和对比印证等方法,对枇杷幼果冻害的低温等级指标进行研究。结果表明：枇杷幼果冻害低温等级指标可用日最低气温（Tmin）和低温持续天数（DD）表示,各级冻害指标分别为,轻度：-2.5℃＜Tmin≤-1.0℃,DD≤3d;中度：-3.5℃＜Tmin≤-2.5℃,DD≤3d或-2.5℃＜Tmin≤-1.0℃,DD＞3d;重度：-4.5℃＜Tmin≤-3.5℃,DD≤3d或-3.5℃＜Tmin≤-2.5℃,DD＞3d;极重：Tmin≤-4.5℃,DD≤3d或Tmin≤-3.5℃,DD＞3d。历史灾情资料验证结果表明,冻害等级指标在福建莆田的推算准确率为61%,在浙江临海、黄岩为87.5%,说明枇杷幼果低温冻害等级指标可应用于低温冻害预测。     

基于GF-1 WFV数据的玉米与大豆种植面积提取方法

准确掌握农作物的空间种植分布情况,对于国家宏观指导农业生产、制定农业政策有重要意义。针对黑龙江省玉米与大豆生育期接近、光谱特征相似,较难区分的问题,以多时相16 m空间分辨率高分一号(GF-1)卫星宽覆盖(wide field of view,WFV)影像为数据源,选择归一化植被指数(normalized difference vegetation index,NDVI)、增强植被指数(enhanced vegetation index,EVI)、宽动态植被指数(wide dynamic range vegetation index,WDRVI)、归一化水指数(normalized difference water index,NDWI)4个特征,结合实地调查样本点,采用随机森林分类算法,提取黑龙江省黑河市嫩江县玉米与大豆种植面积。研究表明,区分玉米与大豆的最佳时段为9月下旬至10月上旬,即大豆已收获而玉米未收获的时段,在4个待选特征中,NDVI、NDWI与WDRVI指数组合表现最佳;随机森林算法与最大似然算法、支持向量机算法相比,分类精度更高,其总体分类精度为84.82%,Kappa系数为77.42%。玉米制图精度为91.49%,用户精度为93.48%;大豆制图精度为91.14%,用户精度为82.76%。该方法为大区域农作物的分类提供重要参考和借鉴价值。     

不同秸秆还田方式对白浆土土壤养分及大豆产量的影响

为确定秸秆还田方式对白浆土土壤养分及作物产量的影响,试验设置了普通翻耕的对照处理以及秸秆覆盖还田、心土还田和秸秆焚烧的3种还田方式。3年的试验结果表明:在耕层部分(0~20 cm),普通翻耕处理区土壤氮素和有机质含量测定值最低,而土壤磷素和钾素含量最高;在白浆层(20~40 cm),秸秆心土还田处理的土壤碱解氮、全氮、有效磷、全磷和有机质含量最高;在淀积层(40~60 cm),不同秸秆还田方式,氮素、磷素和有机质含量变化差异较小,钾素表现为土壤下层含量比表层高。两年的数据显示秸秆心土还田处理大豆产量最高,说明秸秆心土还田对土壤地力提升效果明显,利于大豆增产。     

高温对茶树叶片光合及抗逆特性的影响和恢复*3

以4个茶树品种福鼎大白茶、鸠坑、龙井43和乌牛早7a生植株为研究对象,采用人工气候箱模拟高温（35℃和40℃）处理6、12、18、24、48h,取出后置于人工气候箱中（25℃）恢复3、6、9d,以未经高温处理置于人工气候箱中（温度25℃）的各品种茶树为对照（CK）,测定茶树叶片的最大净光合速率、荧光参数、抗氧化酶活性以及细胞伤害率。结果表明：高温胁迫显著抑制了茶树的最大净光合速率（Pnmax）和最大光化学效率（Fv/Fm）,处理时间越长、温度越高,Pnmax和Fv/Fm下降越快,除35℃处理的福鼎大白茶外,其它3种茶树经过高温处理后,在恢复期间其Fv/Fm无法恢复至正常水平;茶树叶片的SOD酶活性在高温处理的前12h迅速上升,随着处理时间的延长,其活性降低;叶片MDA含量的平均值在高温处理第48小时达到最大,恢复期间缓慢下降;随着处理温度的升高和处理时间的延长,各茶树叶片的细胞伤害率均呈增加趋势。4种茶树耐热性的强弱由高到低依次为福鼎大白茶＞乌牛早＞鸠坑＞龙井43。     

Potential of Fodder Soybean Genotypes for Phosphorus Removal in Poultry Manure-Enriched Soils

Plant-based phosphorus (P) remediation strategies have been suggested to reduce high P accumulation in soil. Eleven fodder soybean genotypes were evaluated to explore their potential for the removal of P from poultry manure-enriched soils. Field experiments were conducted at a site that had a history of heavy poultry manure applications. Green house experiments were conducted using the soils selected for field trials to confirm the results. Harvesting of whole plants, excluding roots of the genotypes, was done at the pod formation stages and plant samples were oven dried at 70°C for three days. The dry samples were ground and analyzed for total P content. Genotype 091734, provided the maximum P removal from amended and unamended soils. Fodder soybean genotypes could play an important role in the extraction of P from poultry manure-enriched soils, which are important from the ecological point of view.     

胁迫对菜用大豆种子抗坏血酸-谷胱甘肽循环的影响

采用蛭石栽培,在100 mmol/L NaCl 胁迫下,对耐盐性不同的两个菜用大豆［Glycine max (L.)Merr.］品种种子的过氧化氢（H2O2）含量及抗坏血酸-谷胱甘肽（AsA-GSH）循环进行了研究。结果显示,NaCl胁迫显著增加了菜用大豆种子的H2O2含量,但耐盐品种 绿领特早的增幅低于盐敏感品种理想高产95-1。NaCl胁迫期间,绿领特早种子中抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（APX）、脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶（DHAR）、谷胱甘肽还原酶（GR）活性,AsA、GSH含量以及AsA/DHA值和GSH/GSSG值的增幅高于同期的理想高产95-1,或降幅低于同期的理想高产95-1; 脱氢抗坏血酸（DHA）、氧化型谷胱甘肽（GSSG）含量的增幅低于同期的理想高产95-1。表明 绿领特早种子在胁迫期间能够保持较高的AsA-GSH循环效率,可有效地抑制H2O2的积累,这可能是其耐盐性较强的重要原因之一。