基于光合有效辐射瞬时值估算日均值的方法

光合有效辐射是太阳辐射的一部分,是植被进行光合作用和陆地生态系统碳循环的核心因素,对估算植被生产力具有重要影响。本文基于SURFRAD多年观测数据,建立了一个线性回归模型,由上午、下午瞬时光合有效辐射值估算日均值。该模型模拟效果较好,单个观测站的均方误差低于9 W·m^-2,判定系数不低于0.96,并适用于不同经纬度、气候条件和海拔高度下的区域,总的均方误差为8.863 1 W·m^-2,判定系数R2为0.977,表明该模型和方法有较好的可行性和可靠性。     

沼泽红假单胞菌的抗氧化酶活性和对紫外线的吸收作用

对不同培养方式下沼泽红假单胞菌的5个菌株的菌体的抗氧化酶活性以及培养液的细胞和上清液对紫外线吸收作用进行了研究。结果表明,5个菌株的活细胞CAT活性普遍以好氧黑暗条件下的培养物高于微好氧光照条件下的,SOD活性则以微好氧光照条件下的培养物高于好氧黑暗条件的。5个菌株在好氧黑暗、微好氧光照培养条件下的细胞液和培养液的上清液在紫外线200～300nm波长范围有明显的吸收峰。     

海带孢子体光合活性对不同温度和光照的响应

为了从生理生态学角度解答温度和光照对海带孢子体生长过程的影响,探索海带孢子体对温度和光环境的生理响应机制,实验在测定养殖海域海带孢子体生长参数的基础上,设定了6、10、14和18°C 4个水温梯度的海带孢子体暂养实验,以及它们在0、25、70、133、230、317、421、582、786μmol photons/(m2·s) 9个光合有效辐射(PAR)梯度下的光合活性荧光参数测定。结果显示:①在6°C水温条件下,海带孢子体荧光参数Fv/Fm和Fv/F0最大,分别为0.71和2.40;在18°C水温条件下,其Fv/Fm和Fv/F0最小,分别为0.65和1.85;②暂养海带孢子体的光化学淬灭(qP)和非光化学淬灭(qN或NPQ)在18°C水温条件下达到最大,分别为0.92和3.29;③海带孢子体的快速光曲线随着光合有效辐射(PAR)的增强呈现先上升后下降的趋势;④海域养殖海带孢子体的最大叶长增长速率、叶宽增长速率和干重增重率分别为1.34 cm/d、0.33 cm/d和1.01 g/d。研究表明,海带孢子体干重生长率变化与不同水温条件下的快速光曲线变化一致,高温抑制了海带孢子体光合效率;当环境光合有效辐射大于样品光饱和点(Em)后,海带孢子体相对电子传递速率下降,光合作用受到抑制。     

Does root-sourced ABA play a role for regulation of stomata under drought in quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.)

The Andean seed crop quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) is traditionally grown under drought and other adverse conditions that constrain crop production in the Andes, and it is regarded as having considerable tolerance to soil drying. The objective of this research was to study how chemical and hydraulic signalling from the root system controlled gas exchange in a drying soil in quinoa. It was observed that during soil drying, relative g_s and photosynthesis A_max (drought stressed/fully watered plants) equalled 1, until the fraction of transpirable soil water (FTSW) decreased to 0.82 ± 0.152 and 0.33 ± 0.061, respectively, at bud formation, indicating that photosynthesis was maintained after stomata closure. The relationship between relative g_s and relative A_max at bud formation was represented by a logarithmic function (r² = 0.79), which resulted in a photosynthetic water use efficiency WUE_Amax_/gs$\text{WU}{\text{E}}_{A_{\text{max}}/g_{\text{s}}}$ of 1 when FTSW > 0.8, and increased by 50% with soil drying to FTSW 0.7–0.4. Mild soil drying slightly increased ABA in the xylem. It is concluded that during soil drying, quinoa plants have a sensitive stomatal closure, by which the plants are able to maintain leaf water potential (ψ_l) and A_max, resulting in an increase of WUE. Root originated ABA plays a role in stomata performance during soil drying. ABA regulation seems to be one of the mechanisms utilised by quinoa when facing drought inducing decrease of turgor of stomata guard cells.     

Simulation of transpiration, drainage, N uptake, nitrate leaching, and N uptake concentration in tomato grown in open substrate

Free-drainage or “open” substrate system used for vegetable production in greenhouses is associated with appreciable NO₃⁻ leaching losses and drainage volumes. Simulation models of crop N uptake, N leaching, water use and drainage of crops in these systems will be useful for crop and water resource management, and environmental assessment. This work (i) modified the TOMGRO model to simulate N uptake for tomato grown in greenhouses in SE Spain, (ii) modified the PrHo model to simulate transpiration of tomato grown in substrate and (iii) developed an aggregated model combining TOMGRO and PrHo to calculate N uptake concentrations and drainage NO₃⁻ concentration. The component models simulate NO₃⁻-N leached by subtracting simulated N uptake from measured applied N, and drainage by subtracting simulated transpiration from measured irrigation. Three tomato crops grown sequentially in free-draining rock wool in a plastic greenhouse were used for calibration and validation. Measured daily transpiration was determined by the water balance method from daily measurements of irrigation and drainage. Measured N uptake was determined by N balance, using data of volumes and of concentrations of NO₃⁻ and NH₄⁺ in applied nutrient solution and drainage. Accuracy of the two modified component models and aggregated model was assessed by comparing simulated to measured values using linear regression analysis, comparison of slope and intercept values of regression equations, and root mean squared error (RMSE) values. For the three crops, the modified TOMGRO provided accurate simulations of cumulative crop N uptake, (RMSE = 6.4, 1.9 and 2.6% of total N uptake) and NO₃⁻-N leached (RMSE = 11.0, 10.3, and 6.1% of total NO₃⁻-N leached). The modified PrHo provided accurate simulation of cumulative transpiration (RMSE = 4.3, 1.7 and 2.4% of total transpiration) and cumulative drainage (RMSE = 13.8, 6.9, 7.4% of total drainage). For the four cumulative parameters, slopes and intercepts of the linear regressions were mostly not statistically significant (P < 0.05) from one and zero, respectively, and coefficient of determination (r²) values were 0.96-0.98. Simulated values of total drainage volumes for the three crops were +21, +1 and −13% of measured total drainage volumes. The aggregated TOMGRO-PrHo model generally provided accurate simulation of crop N uptake concentration after 30-40 days of transplanting, with an average RMSE of approximately 2 mmol L⁻¹. Simulated values of average NO₃⁻ concentration in drainage, obtained with the aggregated model, were −7, +18 and +31% of measured values.     

日光温室内光合有效辐射基本特征分析

基于日光温室内观测的辐射资料,对光合有效辐射特征及对作物的影响进行研究分析.结果表明:温室内日光合有效辐射累计值与日水面蒸发量呈较好的线性关系,相关系数为0.7974;日光温室内作物光合速率随光合有效辐射上升到一定程度后,将不随光合有效辐射的增加而增加;叶片细胞液质量分数与光合有效辐射日变化均呈单峰型曲线,叶片细胞液质量分数相对于光合有效辐射有明显的滞后现象;日光温室内冬、春季晴天及阴天的太阳总辐射Q和光合有效辐射(PAR)日变化均为单峰型曲线,晴天和阴天太阳总辐射和光合有效辐射日变化趋势一致,阴天比晴天小;2007年秋季和2008年春季日光温室内小型西瓜的光合有效辐射利用率分别为6.38%和6.31%,高于大田作物的光合有效辐射利用率值.     

玉米秸秆反季栽培双孢蘑菇技术

以玉米秸秆为原料,利用北方日光温室进行反季栽培双孢蘑菇技术试验。试验结果表明,采用夏季发酵培养料、秋季播种、秋冬季节出菇的反季栽培双孢蘑菇技术模式,与北方气候条件基本吻合,再利用日光温室进行出菇,可减少能源消耗。在日光温室条件下用玉米秸秆作主料栽培双孢蘑菇,每平方米产双孢蘑菇10～15kg,可提高菇农的种植效益。栽培后产生的废料还可肥田和改良土壤理化性状,使生物转化率达40%以上。     

UV-B辐射增强对大豆等植物生理生态特性的影响

地球臭氧层的破坏是目前世界上最受关注的环境问题之一,由于臭氧层的破坏而导致的大气紫外辐射(UV-B)的增加将会严重影响到植物的生命活动.文章概述了增强UV-B辐射作为环境胁迫冈子对大豆等植物形态、植物生物量、繁殖、光合色素、气孔导度和蒸腾速率、光合和呼吸作用以及UV-B吸收物质的影响,提出了今后研究应重视的有关问题.     

不同通风形式日光温室湿热特性的数值模拟

研究日光温室不同通风形式对室内湿热特性的影响。采用计算流体动力学数值模拟方法,构建日光温室作物-环境湿热系统的数值模拟模型。将模拟结果与试验测量结果进行对比,温度和相对湿度的模拟值与实测值的最大相对误差分别为4.7%和4.1%,验证了所构建模型的准确性。应用该模型模拟不同通风形式下温室内的气流和温湿度分布情况,比较分析不同的通风形式对室内湿热特性的影响。结果表明：不同的通风形式会影响室内气流的运动轨迹和速度,从而影响室内温度和相对湿度的分布变化。仅开启上通风口通风时,室内的平均温度和相对湿度较高,气候分布均匀,整体变化较小,适宜冬春季节或清晨傍晚室内温湿度较低时的通风要求;仅开启下通风口通风时室内温湿度分布模式均匀性最差,进风口处的温湿度明显低于北墙,且进口存在涡流,不利于作物生长发育;上、下通风口均只开一半通风时,作物区平均温度和相对湿度分别为39.3℃和25%,上、下通风口均全开时作物区平均温度和相对湿度为36.8℃和23.7%,较于前者室内温度和相对湿度分别降低了2.5℃和1.3%,适宜于炎热天气下日光温室内的降温除湿要求。     

UV-B辐射和干旱胁迫对烟草逆境生理指标的影响

以2个烤烟品种(红花大金元和K326)为供试作物,研究增强UV-B辐射、干旱及交叉胁迫对烟草活性氧水平、膜质过氧化、膜稳定性、抗氧化酶活性等逆境生理指标的影响,旨在揭示植物对紫外和干旱交叉胁迫的适应机制。结果表明:UV-B辐射和干旱胁迫可导致烟草H2O2含量上升,膜稳定性相应下降。当2种胁迫同时发生时,烟草氧化损伤程度低于单因子胁迫或处于2种单因子胁迫之间。产生这种交叉适应性的原因可能是UV-B辐射诱导的抗氧化酶活性增强和干旱诱导的渗透调节物含量增加产生叠加作用,增强了植株的抗氧化能力,从而缓解了彼此对植物体造成的氧化损伤。红大品种获得交叉适应性的能力高于K326。