耕作与施肥模式对渭北旱塬春玉米田蓄水保墒与玉米产量的影响

为揭示渭北旱塬春玉米田休闲期不同保护性耕作模式的蓄水保墒与增产增收效应,寻找适合渭北旱塬春玉米田水肥高效利用的耕作方式和施肥水平,于2013—2014年度在陕西省合阳县甘井镇春玉米田分别设置传统农户模式(翻耕+低肥,S1)、现有高效模式(免耕+高肥,S2)、创新高效模式(深松+平衡施肥,S3)等模式处理,研究各类耕作与施肥相结合保护性耕作模式下春玉米水分利用率、产量和经济效益差异。结果表明,创新模式S3和现有模式S2较农户模式S1播前增加了土壤贮水量;创新模式S3和现有模式S2处理在玉米主要生育期0~200 cm土层平均土壤贮水量分别比农户模式S1增加23.3 mm和18.1 mm,水分利用效率分别提高12.3%和10%,产量增加11.1%、9.2%。创新模式和现有模式均较农户模式能够增加土壤贮水量,提高水分利用效率,增加产量和经济效益,但创新模式蓄水保墒,增产增收优势明显,是适合渭北旱塬地区春玉米生产的水肥管理模式。     

施用豆科绿肥对砖红壤有效磷含量的影响

土壤缺磷是热带和亚热带地区作物生产的主要限制因子之一。本研究分析了14份热带、亚热带豆科绿肥施入土壤后对砖红壤有效磷含量影响的时间动态变化。结果表明,施用绿肥后不同时段能不同程度地提高土壤有效磷的含量,且施用绿肥后的土壤有效磷含量显著高于不施用绿肥土壤,其中木蓝（Magnolia lotungensis）对砖红壤有效磷含量增量变幅高达339%。此外,施用不同的绿肥对土壤有效磷含量的影响不同,但对土壤有效磷含量影响的基本规律一致。施用绿肥时砖红壤有效磷含量提高较大的最佳埋田时间为1个月。     

不同种植年限苜蓿地土壤理化性状

本研究分析了半干旱区不同种植年限苜蓿(Medicago sativa)地土壤理化性状。结果表明,随着苜蓿种植年限的增加,0-100 cm土层土壤容重出现不规律的波动,苜蓿地土壤容重值整体偏大;土壤有机质随种植年限的增加而增大,随土层深度增加而显著减小(P<0.01),并且在种植5年的苜蓿地中提高最明显,在种植8年的苜蓿地中最低。各年限苜蓿地均表现出土壤有机质的“表聚性”。在一定的种植年限范围内,种植苜蓿对土壤有机质具有累积作用;土壤全氮含量随苜蓿种植年限的增长表现为先增大后减小的趋势,随土层深度的加深而逐渐减小,种植苜蓿4年时土壤全氮含量最大,8年时苜蓿地土壤全氮含量最低,并且土壤全氮含量主要集中于0-40 cm土层,全氮显著累积作用于表层土壤;土壤硝态氮随着苜蓿种植年限的增加而先增加后减小,随着土层的加深而逐渐降低,表层土壤对土壤硝态氮有累积作用,并且与苜蓿种植时间长短有显著相关性(P<0.05)。而铵态氮含量在剖面上变化不大,与苜蓿生长年限没有显著相关性(P>0.05)。今后需从栽培苜蓿草地的管理措施上深入探讨栽培苜蓿地的最佳种植和利用年限。     

烯啶虫胺在柑橘和土壤中的残留及消解动态

应用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)建立了烯啶虫胺在柑橘和土壤中的残留分析方法,并采用该方法研究了烯啶虫胺在田间柑橘和土壤中的消解动态。样品分别采用乙腈和甲醇提取,UPLC-MS/MS检测,外标法定量。在0.1~5 mg/L质量浓度范围内,烯啶虫胺的仪器 响应值与质量浓度呈良好线性关系,相关系数均在0.99以上。该方法的最小检出量为1.0×10-11 g, 在柑橘和土壤中的最低检测浓度均为0.05 mg/kg。当添加水平为0.05~2 mg/kg时,回收率在70.8%~104.1%之间,相对标准偏差在4.7%~12.3%之间。消解动态试验结果表明,烯啶虫胺在柑橘和土壤中消解的半衰期分别为3.4~10.7 d和1.8~5.4 d,表明烯啶虫胺属于易降解农药(t1/2<30 d)。     

甘肃河西地区盐碱地野生药用植物资源

甘肃河西地区盐碱地野生药用植物资源丰富,主要有50种,隶属于21科40属。针对当地农业生产状况,应合理开发利用盐生药用植物资源。     

Application to soil of disinfectants through irrigation reduces Verticillium dahliae in the soil and verticillium wilt of olive

The application of disinfectants through drip irrigation could be a feasible practice against verticillium wilt (Verticillium dahliae) of olive. OX-VIRIN (activated peroxide) and OX-AGUA AL25 (quaternary ammonium compounds) are two disinfectants that have shown efficacy against V. dahliae in irrigation water and potential for reducing the disease in young olive plants. In this work, various post-planting application strategies incorporating OX-VIRIN (once a month, or twice a month on alternate or successive weeks) or OX-AGUA AL25 (once a month, or twice a month on alternate weeks) were assessed for their effect on V. dahliae in soil, disease in olive trees, and olive yield, in a 2-year pot-experiment under natural environmental conditions. The disinfectants were injected via metering pumps into a drip irrigation system that irrigated olive trees planted in V. dahliae-inoculated soil. All the application strategies significantly reduced the total inoculum density in soil compared to controls with no disinfectants and noninoculated soil. The microsclerotia density was also significantly reduced in disinfested soils by 73.6–86.8%, depending on the strategy. The symptoms and infection incidence were always lower in treatments subjected to disinfestation. The treatment with OX-AGUA AL25 applied twice a month on alternate weeks most reduced the symptoms (by 53.0%) and colonization index (by 70.8%) with respect to untreated water control. This soil disinfestation also significantly strengthened the symptom remission. Tree growth and production were negatively affected by soil inoculation (reduced by 45.6% and 88.7%, respectively), but not so by disinfectants, which even relieved the reduction in inoculated soils, especially when OX-AGUA AL25 was applied.     

莴笋-空心菜-莴笋种植模式下不同改良剂对退化土壤中植株养分利用的影响

在退化土壤中添加不同改良剂,通过莴笋-空心菜-莴笋的盆栽试验,对比分析了6种改良剂对蔬菜产量、品质、养分的影响,以期为评价改良剂对退化土壤中的植株养分的利用效果提供科学依据。结果表明,1)不同改良剂处理能有效提高蔬菜产量,其中化肥配施生物质灰渣(NPKH)和化肥配施生物肥(NPKW)处理的蔬菜产量增幅最大。2)各处理较CK提高了蔬菜体内N{Invalid MML}-N含量,本试验中莴笋的硝酸盐含量符合GB/T15401规定,未对莴笋品质产生不利影响;而化肥配施改良剂比单施化肥(NPK)有利于降低莴笋中N{Invalid MML}-N含量,以NPKW处理最佳,较NPK处理下降了7.8%~63.0%。与单施化肥相比,NPKH处理提高了蔬菜氨基酸含量,降低了硝酸盐含量,提高了氮肥表观利用率。3)NPKH处理的肥料农学利用率较高,可以有效提高莴笋中全磷、全钾含量,其中全钾含量较CK显著提高了43.4%~58.9%;NPKH和NPKW处理在空心菜种植期间,对氮肥、磷肥、钾肥的农学利用率较高,提高了空心菜对全氮、全磷、全钾营养元素的吸收量。研究表明化肥配施改良剂,特别是化肥配施生物质灰渣或生物肥可以提高蔬菜养分利用率,增加产量的同时降低硝酸盐的累积。     

禁牧对退化草地恢复的作用

草地是我国重要的农业自然资源之一,但目前草地退化的现象十分严重,超载过牧是主要原因之一。本文就针对草地退化提出的围封禁牧措施对草地植被、土壤及草地生态系统恢复过程中的作用进行综述,发现适度放牧对草地恢复是必需的,但采取长期围封禁牧恢复与重建草地的做法不可取,围栏封育并非恢复退化草地的万全之计。建议在我国要因地制宜,根据草地的退化程度,采取合理的划区轮牧强度和放牧时间,与退化草地生态恢复的围封措施结合,以达到既能恢复退化草地,又可收获畜产品的双赢目的,实现草地生态系统持续平衡发展的目标。     

人类活动对珠江三角洲酸性硫酸盐土壤发育的影响

In the Pearl River Delta with more than 1000 years of intensive land reclamation history,the development of acid sulphate soils has been generally limited in terms of their acid potential (pyrite content)and spatial extent.This is attributed to the rapid delta progradation,partially resulted from increasing sediment yield caused by deforestation within the catchment and the empolderment in the estuarine embayment.The empolderment practice accompanied by the clearance of mangroves stopped the upward growth of the pyritic layer on the one hand and limited the vertical accretion of non-pyritic freshwater sediments over the pyritic layer on the one hand and limited the vertical accretion of non-pyritic freshwater sediments over the pyritic estuarine sediments on the other.In such a case,the pyritic layer in the area is frequently thin and of shallow occurrence.Under forced leaching-recharge conditions for the paddy rice cultivation ,the leaching of acid sulphate materials prevails over its production and this leads to a net loss in pyrite oxidation products.Land excavation for fishpond farming accelerates pyrite oxidation due to the direct exposure of the pyrtic sediments to air on the pond bunds.Severe acidification can intensity the environmental degradation of estuarine ecosystems.     

高海拔冻土层地区不同土壤温度对花叶海棠光合特性的影响

为促进花叶海棠在高海拔冻土层地区的生长,通过使用自控温电热带土壤增温措施对土壤进行增温试验,分别设置2.0 (S₁)、3.0 (S₂)、4.0 (S₃)、5.0 (S₄) ℃ 4种增温梯度和1个CK对照组,测量不同梯度下花叶海棠的净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度及胞间CO₂浓度。结果表明：在4种处理中,S₄的花叶海棠叶片净光合速率、蒸腾速率、胞间CO₂浓度最大,与对照相比,其增长率分别为13.88%、58.55%、18.42%;S₃的花叶海棠叶片气孔导度最大,增长率为8.68%。土壤温度与花叶海棠叶片的净光合速率、气孔导度、胞间CO₂浓度呈极显著相关,与蒸腾速率呈显著相关。与对照组相比S₄与S₃能明显提高净光合速率、蒸腾速率,与对照组相比S₄、S₃、S₂能明显地提高气孔导度、胞间CO₂浓度。综合各项指标分析,在试验范围内土壤温度增加4.0~5.0 ℃最适宜花叶海棠的生长。