青狮潭库区沉积物/稻田土壤中有机氯农药残留与释放规律

为了解青狮潭库区沉积物和土壤中有机氯农药(OCPs)残留及其释放特征,采用气相色谱法(GC-ECD)测定了青狮潭库区水库沉积物、池塘沉积物、河流沉积物和稻田土壤中OCPs含量,并运用室内模拟装置探讨了沉积物和稻田土壤在静置和悬浮两种情景下OCPs的释放规律。结果表明:水库沉积物、池塘沉积物、河流沉积物和稻田土壤中总OCPs残留量分别为81.55、88.60、68.96 ng·g~(-1)和92.62 ng·g~(-1)(干质量)。HCHs和DDTs是两类残留量较高的OCPs,其含量分别达到23.26～39.89 ng·g~(-1)和12.22～17.20 ng·g~(-1)。上覆水为超纯水时,静置组与扰动组的底物中OCPs向上覆水释放表现出先快后慢的特征,且扰动组的底物中OCPs释放量明显多于静置组;其中HCHs和β-硫丹的释放量最高。OCPs的理化性质、底物组成特征和外力扰动使各种OCPs在上覆水中的检出率和检出浓度存在明显差异,其中稻田土壤中OCPs向上覆水释放量最高而河流沉积物中OCPs向上覆水释放量最低。十二烷基硫酸钠可使底物中的OCPs快速向上覆水中释放(尤其促进了DDTs的释放),在扰动和静置情形下,上覆水OCPs浓度最少可提升134.44%和118.41%。因此,外界扰动和十二烷基硫酸钠汇入均可促进底物中OCPs的溶出释放。     

建德林场乌龙山林区土壤类型及其宜林特性

建德林场乌龙山林区经调查可划分为2个土类,8个亚类,9个土属和14个土种。这些土壤都具有不同的肥力和宜林特性,因此在生态平衡中的作用和资源开发利用方面都有各自的特点。故在营林过程中应尽力保护自然形成的优良的森林土壤性状,在生态效益为主的前提下充分发挥其经济和社会效益。     

不同施氮水平下旱作水稻土壤无机氮的动态变化及其吸氮特征

田间条件下用半腐解稻草覆盖后对旱作水稻进行了氮肥不同用量 0 (N0 ) ,90 (N90 ) ,15 0 (N150 ) ,2 10 (N2 10 )和2 70 (N2 70 )kg·hm-2 试验 ,研究了施氮后土壤中无机氮 (NH4 -N、NO3 -N)的动态变化及水稻吸氮特征。结果表明 ,不同施氮水平下旱作水稻土壤速效氮以硝态氮为主 ,水稻的产量以N2 10 处理最高 ,水稻的植株含氮量及氮素的累积主要发生在生长发育的中期 ,氮肥的表观利用率也以N2 10 处理最高 ,随着氮肥用量的增加水稻对土壤氮的依存率逐渐降低     

基于模糊算法的温室番茄调亏滴灌制度综合评判

该文研究利用改进的模糊综合评判模型在温室滴灌番茄生长、产量、品质和耗水进行综合评判的可行性。于2015和2016年在中国农业科学院新乡综合试验基地的日光温室内,以滴灌番茄为研究对象,参考20 cm标准蒸发皿的累积蒸发量,分别在开花坐果期和成熟采摘期进行充分灌溉、轻度亏缺和中度亏缺,采用改进的模糊综合评判模型,对调亏灌溉制度温室番茄的生长指标、产量指标、耗水指标和品质指标进行综合评价。结果表明:不考虑阶段水分亏缺条件下,番茄的生长指标、产量指标和蒸发蒸腾量指标均随灌水量的增大而增大,品质指标则相反。轻度亏缺对番茄品质指标的影响较小(两者的品质综合评判指数为0.135和0.138,0.125和0.124),采摘期轻度亏缺的生长指标和产量指标的综合评判指数高于花果期轻度亏缺处理,且全生育期蒸发蒸腾量较低;花果期中度亏缺的产量指标和品质指标的综合评判指数与采摘期中度亏缺相近,但前者的总蒸发蒸腾量低于后者。因此,推荐水资源充足地区可采用在成熟采摘期轻度亏缺的灌溉模式,而水资源短缺地区采用在开花坐果期中度亏缺的灌溉模式。研究可为温室调亏滴灌制度的优化提供参考。     

草海上游石漠化过程中土壤抗蚀性变化

以草海流域上游的石漠化区为研究对象,研究不同等级石漠化条件下土壤抗蚀能力的差异,利用空间代替时间的方法,探讨草海上游区石漠化过程中土壤抗蚀性变化规律,为当地石漠化治理和湿地保护提供参考。通过实地调研,采集不同石漠化程度区的土样并进行室内指标测定,利用主成分分析方法选取了10个土壤理化指标对样地土壤抗蚀能力进行评价。结果表明:(1)所选10项理化指标可以较为全面地综合评价不同石漠化程度土壤抗蚀能力,土壤团聚状况、分散率、分散系数、0.25mm水稳性团聚体含量、0.5mm水稳性团聚体含量、结构破坏率、0.05mm粉黏粒含量这7项可以作为评价的优选指标,有机质含量、0.001mm黏粒含量、土壤团聚度这3项指标次之。(2)无石漠化CK样地(2.19)轻度石漠化L样地(1.19)重度石漠化S1样地(0.85)中度石漠化M样地(-1.35)重度石漠化S2样地(-2.88),其中中度石漠化样地(M)和重度石漠化样地(S_2)为负值,其余均为正值,差异明显。在石漠化过程中土壤抗蚀能力总体呈下降趋势,但是在石漠化发展后期,土壤抗蚀能力反而会有上升的可能。     

不同种植模式和土壤类型条件下土壤健康的定量评价

Soil health assessment is an important step toward understanding the potential effects of agricultural practices on crop yield, quality and human health. The objectives of this study were to select a minimum data set for soil health evaluation from the physical, chemical and biological properties and environmental pollution characteristics of agricultural soil and to develop a soil health diagnosis model for determining the soil health status under different planting patterns and soil types in Chongming Island of Shanghai, China. The results showed that the majority of the farmland soils in Chongming Island were in poor soil health condition, accounting for 48.9% of the survey samples, followed by the medium healthy soil, accounting for 32.2% of the survey samples and mainly distributed in the central and mid-eastern regions of the island. The indicators of pH, total organic carbon, microbial biomass carbon and Cd exerted less influence on soil health, while the soil salinization and nitrate accumulation under a greenhouse cropping pattern and phosphate fertilizer shortage in the paddy field had limited the development of soil health. Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes, hexachlorocyclohexanes and Hg contributed less to soil health index (SHI) and showed no significant difference among paddy field, greenhouse and open-air vegetable/watermelon fields. The difference of the SHI of the three soil types was significant at P = 0.05. The paddy soil had the highest SHI values, followed by the gray alluvial soil, and the coastal saline soil was in a poor soil health condition, indicating a need to plant some salt-tolerant crops to effectively improve soil quality.     

Physicochemical properties of the soils associated with shifting cultivation in Northern Thailand with special reference to factors determining soil fertility

Abstract

Recently agricultural activity in the mountainous area of northern Thailand has increased and problems relating to soil fertility have arisen. In order to gain basic information about the soil properties associated with shifting cultivation, physicochemical properties of the surface soils (0–10 cm) and subsoils (30–40 cm) were investigated in selected villages in the area. The physicochemical properties of the soils studied are summarized as follows: 1) The soils were rich in organic matter, content of which ranged from 11.4 to 63.3 g C kg^?1 in the surface soil. 2) The pH(H₂O) of the soils mostly ranged from 5 to 7 and soil acidity was more pronounced in the deeper horizons. In the surface soils, exchangeable Ca and Mg were generally dominant, whereas exchangeable Al was often predominant in the subsoils. 3) Most of the soils showed a medium to fine texture with more than 30% clay. The clay mineral composition was characterized by various degrees of mixture of kaolin minerals and clay mica with, in some cases, a certain amount of 2:1-2:1:1 intergrades. 4) According to the ion adsorption curves, most of the B horizon soils were characterized by the predominance of permanent negative charges. On the other hand, organic matter contributed to the increase of variable negative charges in the surface soils. The content of organic matter and the percentage of the clay fraction were essential for determining the CEC of the soils of the surface 10 and 30–40 cm depths, respectively. Under the field conditions, the composition of exchangeable cations largely reflected the soil acidity. In addition, the content of organic matter also showed a significant correlation with that of available N in the surface soils. Thus, soil acidity both in the surface soils and subsoils, organic matter content in the surface soils, and clay content in the subsoils were considered to be the main factors that affected soil chemical fertility in the area.     

不同林龄杉木林下套种阔叶树对土壤磷组分的影响

套种是杉木人工林经营的重要措施,磷是南方森林生态系统中主要限制性养分元素之一,但套种模式对土壤磷素的影响尚不明确。以亚热带杉木人工林表层(0-10 cm)土壤为对象,研究套种林(杉阔套种幼林、杉阔套种成熟林)和杉木幼林土壤理化性质和土壤各形态磷含量差异,分析套种对杉木人工林土壤磷含量的影响。结果表明:(1)不同套种林显著改变土壤总磷、土壤总无机磷、土壤总有机磷、土壤微生物生物量磷(MBP)和土壤酸性磷酸酶活性(APA),大小顺序均为杉阔套种成熟林>杉阔套种幼林>杉木幼林。(2)土壤各磷组分中活性磷含量较低,其中NaHCO3-Po在活性组分中占主导;土壤NaOH-Po是中等活性磷的主要组分,杉阔套种成熟林尤为显著;闭蓄态磷(Residual-P)在总磷含量中最高。(3)与杉木幼林相比,杉阔套种成熟林显著增加了树脂提取态磷(Resin-Pi)、碳酸氢钠提取态有机和无机磷(NaHCO3-Pi、NaHCO3-Po)、氢氧化钠提取态有机和无机磷(NaOH-Pi、NaOH-Po)、氢氧化钠残留提取态有机磷(NaOHu.s-Po)、盐酸提取态磷(HCl-Pi)和闭蓄态磷(Residual-P)含量;土壤总无机磷、NaHCO3-Po、HCl-Pi、NaHCO3-Pi、NaOHu.s-Pi和Residual-P对杉阔套种幼林的响应不敏感。(4)除含水率外不同林龄下杉阔套种林土壤磷形态与土壤理化性质(土壤总碳氮、土壤可溶性有机氮、土壤微生物生物量磷、酸性磷酸酶)呈正相关性(P<0.05)。冗余分析表明,土壤磷组分的变化主要受MBP调控,且MBP与有机磷组分(NaOHu.s-Po、NaOH-Po)和HCI-Pi呈显著正相关。总之,套种林的土壤磷素有效性高于杉木幼林,土壤养分状况更佳。     

土壤活性有机质的研究现状与展望

概述了国内外土壤活性有机质研究进展,包括活性有机质的概念,活性有机质与土壤养分的关系,活性有机质与土壤性质的关系,及其活性有机质在反映土壤肥力综合评价土壤质量方面的应用,提出了今后土壤活性有机质的研究重点.