营养学中氨基酸平衡的度量

本文基于聚类分析理论,提出了失衡度(IBD)这一新的化学指数,借以定量地研究蛋白质营养中的氨基酸平衡问题。当样品中氨基酸完全平衡时,IBD取值为零;而当其氨基酸平衡最差时。IBD取值为1。IBD的氨基酸增量模型为非对称最大值式;且IBD与变异系数(CV)之间有着密切的关系。通过IBD这一指数,可以对各种单一饲料的蛋白质营养价值加以分类列等;通过计算两种以上饲料蛋白质混合物的IBD,可以从理论上预测它们之间是否互补,以及何时发生最佳互补关系。若引申IBD的概念框架,还可以用来研究其它养分之间的平衡关系,并有助于实现计算机配方过程的自动鉴别和筛选。     

Mapping genomic regions for reproductive traits in beef cattle: Inclusion of the X chromosome

Although the second largest chromosome of the genome, the X chromosome is usually excluded from genome-wide association studies (GWAS). Considering the presence and importance of genes on this chromosome that are involved in reproduction, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of its inclusion in GWAS on reproductive traits (scrotal circumference [SC], early pregnancy [P16] and age at first calving [AFC]) in a Nelore herd. Genotype data from 3,263 animals with the above-mentioned phenotypes were used. The results showed an increase in the variances explained by the autosomal markers for all traits when the X chromosome was not included. For SC, there was an increase of more than 10% for the windows on chromosomes 2 and 6. For P16, the effect was increased by almost 20% for windows on chromosome 5. The same pattern was found for AFC, with an increase of more than 10% for the most important windows. The results indicate that the noninclusion of the X chromosome can overestimate the effects of autosomes on SC, P16 and AFC not only because of the additive effect of the X chromosome itself but also because of its epistatic effect on autosomal genes.     

南极磷虾粉潜在危害因子分析及风险评价进展

南极磷虾粉是目前南极磷虾船载加工的主要产品之一,富含优质蛋白质、脂质、磷脂、虾青素和矿物质等物质,具有良好的开发利用前景。目前,南极磷虾粉主要用作水产动物饲料及提取油脂等的原料。然而,研究表明南极磷虾粉也存在潜在危害因子不明确等问题,严重限制了其应用领域和范围的拓展。因此,本文分析了南极磷虾粉潜在危害因子的来源、限量标准、检测方法等,介绍了南极磷虾粉风险评估进展,旨在为南极磷虾粉危害因子的减除和深度利用提供参考依据。     

黑龙江龙口自然保护区黑熊春季生境选择

分别于2008年4～5月和2009年4～5月,在龙口自然保护区对黑熊春季生境选择进行了研究,野外工作共设置87个10 m×10 m样方,并调查12个生态因子,其中利用样方41个,对照样方46个。通过Vanderploeg ＆Scavia选择指数得到,黑熊喜爱选择处于高海拔（〉450 m）、上坡位有石砬子且草本盖度适中（10%～40%）的生境,倾向选择乔木密度高（〉10株/100 m2）、郁闭度大（〉40%）、灌木密度较低（〈10%）、隐蔽级低（〈30%）、倒木密度大（〉1根/100 m2）、陡坡（〉30°）且向阳的针阔混交林。主成分分析与资源选择函数分析共同得到海拔、坡度、坡位、植被类型对黑熊生境选择影响较大,坡向和倒木密度影响较小的结果。综合分析,将Vanderploeg ＆ Scavia选择指数、主成分分析与资源选择函数相结合可以更好地反映黑熊生境选择情况。     

国内外肉牛分子标记辅助育种的研究进展

分子标记辅助育种(Marker assisted selection,MAS),直接从DNA分子水平上反映种间差异,不受环境、发育阶段、组织等的影响,稳定可靠,多态性好,因而在家畜育种中被广泛利用,本文详尽概述了分子标记辅助选择对于遗传力低的性状如肉质性状和屠宰性状等改良效率相关的研究进展。     

Further contributions to the genetic aspect of congenital sensorineural deafness in Dalmatians

Sensorineural deafness is a common congenital disorder in Dalmatians and is genetically transmitted. Different modes of inheritance have been proposed and the objective of this study was to study these by segregation analyses using maximum likelihood procedures. Data from 33 complete Dalmatian families were collected and data from 56 single Dalmatians added. This resulted in a total of 575 dogs with 357 known phenotypes. All dogs were clinically evaluated and electrophysiologically tested with brainstem auditory evoked responses.The prevalence of deafness was 16.5% (9.4% unilaterally deaf, 7.1% bilaterally deaf). Females were 4.4% more affected than males but this difference was not significant. Within the same litter, different phenotypic expressions of deafness occurred, which suggested different expressions of the disease. In addition, two data sets were analysed: the first included normal, uni- and bilaterally deaf dogs, the second had normal and deaf Dalmatians. We found that a recessive allele at a single biallelic major locus fitted our data best, although an incomplete penetrance of the recessive homozygotes was observed.     

Genetic diversity,anti‐microbial resistance,plasmid profile and frequency of the Vi antigen in Salmonella Dublin strains isolated in Brazil

Salmonella Dublin is strongly adapted to cattle causing enteritis and/or systemic disease with high rates of mortality. However, it can be sporadically isolated from humans, usually causing serious disease, especially in patients with underlying chronic diseases. The aim of this study was to molecularly type S. Dublin strains isolated from humans and animals in Brazil to verify the diversity of these strains as well as to ascertain possible differences between strains isolated from humans and animals. Moreover, the presence of the capsular antigen Vi and the plasmid profile was characterized in addition to the anti‐microbial resistance against 15 drugs. For this reason, 113 S. Dublin strains isolated between 1983 and 2016 from humans (83) and animals (30) in Brazil were typed by PFGE and MLVA. The presence of the capsular antigen Vi was verified by PCR, and the phenotypic expression of the capsular antigen was determined serologically. Also, a plasmid analysis for each strain was carried out. The strains studied were divided into 35 different PFGE types and 89 MLVA‐types with a similarity of ≥80% and ≥17.5%, respectively. The plasmid sizes found ranged from 2 to >150 kb and none of the strains studied presented the capsular antigen Vi. Resistance or intermediate resistance was found in 23 strains (20.3%) that were resistant to ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, chloramphenicol, imipenem, nalidixic acid, piperacillin, streptomycin and/or tetracycline. The majority of the S. Dublin strains studied and isolated over a 33‐year period may descend from a common subtype that has been contaminating humans and animals in Brazil and able to cause invasive disease even in the absence of the capsular antigen. The higher diversity of resistance phenotypes in human isolates, as compared with animal strains, may be a reflection of the different anti‐microbial treatments used to control S. Dublin infections in humans in Brazil.     

A dynamic, optimal disease control model for foot-and-mouth disease: I. Model description

A dynamic optimization model was developed and used to evaluate alternative foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) control strategies. The model chose daily control strategies of depopulation and vaccination that minimized total regional cost for the entire epidemic duration, given disease dynamics and resource constraints. The disease dynamics and the impacts of control strategies on these dynamics were characterized in a set of difference equations; effects of movement restrictions on the disease dynamics were also considered. The model was applied to a three-county region in the Central Valley of California; the epidemic relationships were parameterized and validated using the information obtained from an FMD simulation model developed for the same region. The optimization model enables more efficient searches for desirable control strategies by considering all strategies simultaneously, providing the simulation model with optimization results to direct it in generating detailed predictions of potential FMD outbreaks.     

鹅黑素皮质素受体-4基因的克隆与序列分析

黑素皮质素受体-4（Melanocortin receptor-4,MC4R）是其黑素皮质素受体MCR（MC1-5R）家族成员之一,属G蛋白偶联受体。它可与瘦蛋白、神经肽、α-黑素细胞刺激素等一起调节动物体重和采食量。参考鸡MC4R基因序列设计引物,克隆并测序了鹅MC4R基因。结果表明,鹅MC4R基因编码区全长996 bp,其核苷酸序列与鸡的同源性为95.3%,与人、牛、猪等哺乳动物同源性在75%-79%;其氨基酸序列与鸡的同源性达到98.5%。构建哺乳类、鸟类和鱼类MC4R基因核苷酸进化树显示,鹅较早地与哺乳类动物分化开来。分析MC4R蛋白的氨基酸残基特性参数表明,MC4R的7次跨膜结构与MC4R的亲水性区域、电荷密度以及氨基酸残基位于表面概率的变化规律相一致。