基于SSR标记的鸢尾杂交和诱变育种材料遗传多样性分析

为加快路易斯安那鸢尾育种的进程,以5个路易斯安那鸢尾品种为试验材料,开展杂交和60Co-γ辐射诱变育种.基于短茎鸢尾和暗黄鸢尾的基于表达序列(EST)开发的微卫星标记(SSR)标记,选择其中14对SSR标记用于路易斯安那鸢尾品种、杂交后代和诱变材料共40份材料的遗传多样性分析.结果表明,5个路易斯安那鸢尾品种的杂交后代...     

一种利用黑松枝条筛选杀松材线虫剂的生测方法

该文介绍了一种利用黑松枝条进行化合物对松材线虫作用的生测方法。通过研究枝条的接种线虫数量、含水量以及灭菌处理后对松材线虫繁殖的影响,确定了合适的生测条件,并对几种生测方法的优缺点进行了讨论。     

籼粳杂交稻品种引种简比试验

2019年引进5个籼粳杂交优质稻品种开展简比试验,结果参试的5个籼粳杂交稻品种均表现出良好的丰产性,也均无明显的生理性缺陷表现。5个参试品种均属分蘖力偏弱的大穗类型,采取培育壮秧、插足基本苗、适当提高施肥水平、确保其二次灌浆的水肥供应等栽培措施,是实现高产栽培的技术关键。通过介绍各品种的农艺、产量性状等表现,为新品种推广提供试验依据。     

96份中、日春兰资源遗传多样性的ISSR分析

为了探讨中、日春兰优良种质资源的生物遗传多样性,本研究通过L9(34)正交试验,确立ISSR-PCR最佳扩增反应体系,筛选ISSR引物对4个类群96份中、日春兰种质材料进行标记扩增。结果表明:本试验筛选出的ISSR-PCR最佳扩增反应体系中主要影响因子的浓度为:Mg2+浓度2 mmol/L,引物浓度0.4μmol/L,Taq聚合酶用量1.5 U/20μL,d NTPs浓度0.2μmol/L;筛选出的13条引物在93份材料中扩增出126个条带,每条引物平均扩增条带数为9.69,多态性比例(PPB)为100%,种群总等位基因数(Na)为2.000 0,有效等位基因数(Ne)为1.304 5,Nei’s基因多样性(He)为0.203 3,Shannon’s信息多样性指数(Ⅰ)为0.334 0,种群水平上的遗传多样性较高;在类群水平上PPB平均值为82.94%,Na平均值为1.829 4,Ne平均值为1.301 1,He平均值为0.193 8,Ⅰ平均值为0.311 9;类群间的遗传分化系数(Gst)为0.052 1,基因流水平(Nm)为9.089 6,类群间的基因交流程度很高,类群间的变异低于类群内的变异;各类群的遗传多样性水平由高到低依次为Ⅰ类群(中国春兰正格花品种)>Ⅲ类群(中国春兰杂交种)>Ⅱ类群(中国春兰蝶花品种)>Ⅳ类群(日本春兰品种),4个春兰类群两两之间的遗传相似性系数(GS)范围为0.966 1~0.995 1,总体上遗传距离较小。UPGMA聚类分析结果显示,ISSR分子标记能很好的鉴定表型性状相似的春兰原生种和杂交种,在遗传相似系数为0.82时,Ⅱ类(中国春兰蝶花品种)品种和Ⅳ类(日本春兰品种)品种能分组聚类,Ⅰ类(中国春兰正格花品种)品种和Ⅲ类(中国春兰杂交种)种质混合在一起。春兰是中国的传统特色花卉,春兰优良品种的产业化开发潜力大,中、日春兰种质资源的遗传多样性研究对春兰种质的保护、利用和创新有重要的意义。     

Selective Isolation and Screening of Soil Microorganisms for Metabolites with Herbicidal Potential

Summary

Crop losses from weeds worldwide average 10% annually. Herbicide application is almost essential in modern agriculture to maintain high productivity. Increased awareness of the environmental damage caused by continued use of conventional synthetic herbicides has aroused great interest in biodegradable, selective and environmentally friendly herbicides. The increasing incidence of herbicide resistance in weeds has stimulated research for herbicidal compounds with new or novel sites and modes of action. Microbial metabolites have become the focus of attention of researchers searching for natural product alternatives to conventional herbicides. Two well-known commercial herbicides of microbial origin are anisomycin (commercial analogue, methoxyphenon) and bialaphos. Both were isolated from members of actinomycetes. Several phytotoxins have been isolated from microbial metabolites, e.g., herbicidins A and B, herbimycins A and B, nigericin, tentoxin and others. The list of microbial phytotoxins continues to increase. Actinomycetes are the major source of several herbicides and other bioactive compounds. The potential of discovering new phytotox-ins from metabolites of microorganisms is still unlimited. Methods of isolation of actinomycetes, their screening for phytotoxins, separation of phytotoxins from metabolites and partial purification of the toxins are described. Included are screening of soil fungi for phytotoxin, mass culture of fungi, and bioassays.     

Genetic Diversity of Rice Landraces from Lowland and Upland Accessions of China

Genetic diversity of rice landraces from lowland and upland accessions of China was investigated using 66 polymorphic simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers.The total number of alleles detected from all 324 tested accessions was 555 with an average allele number (Na) of 8.409 per locus,the average effective number of alleles (Ne) of 3.574 and the average Shannon’s information index (I) of 1.378.The genetic diversity was higher for the indica landraces compared to the japonica landraces,and the upland landraces were more genetically diverse than the lowland landraces.The SSR markers,RM72,RM232,RM219,RM241,RM224 and RM3 showed the highest rates of polymorphism and these SSR markers were suitable to assess the genetic diversity of rice germplasm resources.A dendrogram of 324 accessions of lowland and upland landraces showed that all rice accessions were mainly subdivided into two groups,japonica and indica,with some being intermediate.The distribution of lowland and upland landraces among the japonica and indica rice groups was distinct,with obvious differentiation between the lowland and upland landraces in japonica rice,but no such clear distinction in indica rice.     

R语言及在农业试验数据分析中的基本应用（一）

R语言已是科学研究中最流行的计算语言,但在我国农业试验数据分析的应用还不多。我们介绍R语言以及在农业试验数据分析中的基本应用。作为其中的第一篇,本文重点介绍R软件的下载、安装以及起步使用的一些基本知识,期望我国农业科技工作者对R语言有初步了解并尝试利用R语言分析试验数据。     

莱氏野村菌对夜蛾科害虫防治潜力的室内评测

本文用喷雾法测定了5株莱氏野村菌Nomuraea rileyi对棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera、甜菜夜蛾Spodoptera exigua和斜纹夜蛾Spodoptera litura 3种夜蛾科害虫的致病力。配制孢子悬浮液对3种夜蛾科害虫进行雾化接种,孢子附着量为188.9～4048.3孢子.mm 2。接种后幼虫置于（24±1）℃和12L∶12D条件下人工饲料饲养,每天观察直至化蛹。时间-剂量-死亡率模型分析显示：5株莱氏野村菌菌株接种量为188.9～4048.3孢子.mm 2时,斜纹夜蛾第10 d的侵染率为60%～95%;菌株Nr15对斜纹夜蛾显示出极高的毒力水平（LC50=266.7孢子.mm 2,4048.3孢子.mm 2浓度下的LT50=5.81 d）,第10 d的侵染率达95%。供试菌株对棉铃虫和甜菜夜蛾的致病力相对较弱,侵染率均不足50%。研究表明,莱氏野村菌菌株对夜蛾科害虫体现出明显的寄主专化性,且有明显的量效关系。     

环境因子对西花蓟马室内生物测定结果的影响

采用Munger cell法,就室内测定多杀菌素对西花蓟马 Frankliniella occidentalis 生物活性实验中需要控制的温度、相对湿度、滴水量、光周期、光照度和叶片6个环境条件对测定结果的影响进行了研究。发现:在25 ~30 ℃、相对湿度50% ~70%、光周期(L:D)为16 h:8 h~24 h:0 h、光照度6 500~13 000 lx这一测定条件范围内,采用月季、西葫芦、萝卜、芸豆、苹果、芹菜、菠菜叶片进行生物测定时结果较稳定;叶片纤毛数量与多杀菌素对西花蓟马的LC50值成负相关,相关系数为0.919;叶片纤毛的长度则与测定结果无相关性。