Responses of the alien leaf miners Liriomyza trifolii and Liriomyza huidobrensis (Diptera: Agromyzidae) to some pesticides scheduled for their control in the UK

Baseline responses to a range of pesticides scheduled for the statutory eradication of outbreaks of Liriomyza trifolii, a leaf miner alien to the UK, were established using a topical application bioassay against a susceptible laboratory population. Using the same technique the responses of outbreak populations of L. trifolii, and also the related species L. huidobrensis, have been investigated. Field populations of L. trifolii showed resistance to the pyrethroids tested but no evidence of resistance to organophosphates was found. There was some evidence of resistance to gamma-HCH. L. huidobrensis showed a response to pyrethroids similar to that of resistant L. trifolii, and levels of tolerance to organophosphates approximately eight times that of susceptible L. trifolii. The response to gamma-HCH was similar to that of susceptible L. trifolii.     

沂蒙丘陵生态区烤烟化学成分与感官质量的相关分析

为明确沂蒙丘陵生态区蜜甜焦香型烤烟化学成分对感官质量的影响,选取2020年山东潍坊、临沂、日照产烟区176份典型代表性烤烟样品（包括下部烟X2L、X3L、X2F、X3F,中部烟C2F、C3F、C2L、C3L,上部烟B2F、B3F、B2L、B3L）,进行常规化学成分及感官质量指标的统计分析及相关性分析。简单相关分析显示,燃烧性与总烟碱和两糖差分别呈显著和极显著负相关关系,与淀粉、还原糖和钾含量分别呈显著和极显著正相关关系;灰分与还原糖和氯、两糖差均表现为极显著负相关关系,与淀粉呈极显著正相关关系;刺激性与氯呈显著负相关关系。典型相关分析显示,总烟碱与浓度、劲头呈正相关,氮碱比与浓度、劲头呈负相关,氯与刺激性、余味呈负相关。综上,总烟碱、氮含量、氯含量是影响沂蒙丘陵生态区烤烟感官质量的关键因素。     

利用SSR标记分析45份爆裂玉米自交系遗传多样性

利用SSR分子标记分析了45份爆裂玉米自交系的遗传多样性。结果表明:所选取SSR引物的扩增带型均清晰稳定。利用80对SSR引物在45份爆裂玉米自交系间共检测出334个等位基因变异,多态性信息量(PIC)变化为0.10~0.83,平均为0.53。其PIC为0.4~0.8,以0.6~0.7的标记数为最多,占标记总数的20.96%。本试验结果说明爆裂玉米种质具有较高遗传多样性。根据SSR数据,计算分子标记遗传距离,供试自交系遗传距离(GD)为0.095~0.931,平均为0.512。通过聚类分析,以遗传距离0.55为标准,供试自交系可划分为5个类群。群间遗传距离均大于群内遗传距离,分类合理。     

巴西橡胶树SSR反应体系的优化

以巴西橡胶树无性系针选2号为试验材料,对橡胶树SSR-PCR反应的5个主要因素:TaqDNA聚合酶、Mg2 、引物、DNA模板及dNTPs进行优化试验。筛选出了各反应因素的最佳水平,建立了橡胶树SSR-PCR最佳反应体系(20μl):TaqDNA聚合酶0.8U;Mg2 浓度为1.5mmol/L;引物浓度0.5μmol/L;模板DNA含量50ng;dNTPs浓度0.25mmol/L。并利用此反应体系,用引物1对14个巴西橡胶树品种进行SSR分析,8%的非变性聚丙稀酰胺凝胶电泳检测显示不同品种间DNA谱带多态性丰富。结果证明,此反应体系是稳定可靠的。这为下一步进行的遗传多样性分析、指纹图谱构建等研究奠定基础。     

Genetic diversity in soybean genotypes from north‐eastern China and identification of candidate markers associated with maturity rating

Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers were used to estimate the genetic relationships among 101 soybean cultivars developed in north‐eastern China. Fifty‐three fragments of the 100 RAPD markers and 35 SSR markers tested were polymorphic across the 101 soybean cultivars. Similarity values among these soybean cultivars ranged from 45.2% to 100% for RAPD data, and ranged from 36.1% to 100% for SSR data. The similarity matrices for SSR data and RAPD data were moderately correlated (r = 0.31, P < 0.05). Cluster analyses indicated that the cultivars released from the same seed company were mostly grouped together. A principal component analysis, based on the combined RAPD and SSR data, yielded a good separation of soybean varieties with different maturity ratings [represented by soybean Heat Unit (HU)]. The varieties with HU < 2200 were well separated from those with HU > 2200. Four RAPD markers and eight SSR markers were significantly associated with the maturity ratings of soybean.     

Discussion on Direction of Circular Flow of Reversed Return Hot Water System

Aiming at the central mechanical circulated hot water supply system recommended by the current code, the criteria of water flow direction in the pipes of transport and distribution is brought forward based on the hydraulic principle, followed by the analysing with charts of flow directions in the reversed return hot water system consisting of two, three and several vertical pipes in the working conditions of simple return and a little water distributing. There are several directions of circular flow, the only working condition of simple return and single water flow direction which applied in current hydraulic calculation of reversed return hot water supply system is incomplete, certain hydraulic precondition is necessary to ensure circular flow flowing in each vertical pipe as the assumed direction in the course of hydraulic calculation.     

我国三系杂交稻主要不育系的微卫星标记多样性和遗传结构分析

选取均匀分布在水稻12条染色体上的48对SSR引物,对28份我国杂交水稻主要不育系进行了多样性和遗传结构分析。 在所分析的48个位点中,多态性位点41个,多态性位点百分率（P）为85.4%;每1个位点平均等位基因数（A）为3.5,变幅2～6个;平均基因多样性指数（He）和平均多态性信息含量指数（PIC）分别为0.40和0.36。AMOVA分析表明,不育系遗传变异主要存在于各选育时期内,时期间的遗传变异仅占总变异的3.3%,且未达到显著水平。基于模型的遗传结构分析表明,我国三系杂交稻主要不育系多数含有相近血缘,背景单一。     

Field trap test for bioassay of synthetic (1<Emphasis Type="Italic">S</Emphasis>,4<Emphasis Type="Italic">R</Emphasis>)-4-isopropyl-1-methyl-2-cyclohexen-1-ol as an aggregation pheromone of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Platypus quercivorus</Emphasis> (Coleoptera: Platipodidae)

An ambrosia beetle, Platypus quercivorus, is a vector of Japanese oak wilt, which causes massive mortality of oak trees in Japan. Previous studies have identified (1S,4R)-4-isopropyl-1-methyl-2-cyclohexen-1-ol ((−)-IMCH) as the major component of the aggregation pheromone of P. quercivorus. We tested the ability of synthetic (−)-IMCH to attract P. quercivorus adults. The synthetic compound attracted 14.4 times as many P. quercivorus, of both sexes, as control traps. Control and (−)-IMCH-baited traps both captured 3.32 times as many males as females, probably because of the nature of Lindgren funnel traps and of male-biased emergence sex ratio early in the season of adult flights. (−)-IMCH was proved to be a major component of the aggregation pheromone of P. quercivorus.     

Single-chain variable fragments antibody specific to <Emphasis Type="Italic">Corynespora cassiicola</Emphasis> toxin,cassiicolin, reduces necrotic lesion formation in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Hevea brasiliensis</Emphasis>

Corynespora leaf disease poses a serious threat to rubber cultivation because infected leaves develop necrotic lesions and abscise, leaving the tree unproductive. The destructiveness of Corynespora cassiicola has been largely attributed to cassiicolin, a protein toxin secreted by the fungus. Recombinant antibody technology offers hope to curtail the disease whereby single-chain variable fragments (scFv) specific to cassiicolin could bind and deactivate the toxin in genetically modified rubber trees that harbour the antibody gene. A scFv phage library was constructed from heavy and light variable chains of IgG from cassiicolin immunized Balb/C mice spleen. Biopanning of the phage library yielded a scFv clone with high specificity to cassiicolin. The nucleotide sequence and deduced amino acid sequence information of the scFv were obtained. Hemagglutinin (HA)-tagged scFv expressed in Escherichia coli is discerned as a band at ca. 30 kDa on SDS-PAGE, and the corresponding band was detected by anti-HA IgG on a Western immunoblot. Deactivation of cassiicolin by the affinity-purified scFv was demonstrated in a detached-leaf bio-assay on selected susceptible Hevea clones (PB 260, RRIM 2020, RRIM 901 and RRIM 929). The assay was also performed on clones that are relatively more resistant to the fungus (RRIM 600 and GT-1), and the results were as expected. Thus, we have successfully demonstrated that the cassicolin-specific scFv can effectively reduce cassicolin toxicity.     

Formulation affecting alachlor efficacy and persistence in sandy soils

BACKGROUND: The development of controlled‐release formulations of alachlor to extend the period of weed control was studied. This extended duration reduces the need for high herbicide application rates that could lead to environmental contamination. For this purpose, the influence of formulation, as well as the influence of soil characteristics, on alachlor efficacy and persistence in soil of a commercial formulation (CF) and different ethylcellulose microencapsulated formulations (MEFs) was evaluated. RESULTS: Higher alachlor rates yielded an enhanced initial herbicidal activity. The prolonged release of alachlor provided by the MEFs resulted in a higher herbicidal efficacy and a longer period of weed control compared with the effects of CF in the two soils tested (at 40 days after treatment, oat growth inhibition for CF and MEFs was 1.96% and 93.5% respectively). Soil characteristics strongly influenced alachlor efficacy and weed control by MEFs. The highest alachlor efficacy and persistence were observed in the soil with lowest microbial activity and clay and organic matter content. CONCLUSIONS: The use of MEFs can be advantageous because they permit the maintenance of the desired concentration of the herbicide in the soil for longer periods of weed control. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry