纵坑切梢小蠹伴生菌云南半帚孢毒素活性的生物检测

比较研究了不同生物检测材料及方法在纵坑切梢小蠹伴生菌——云南半帚孢毒素的生物活性检测上的适应性，结果表明该毒素不仅对云南松产生病害作用，对思茅松和华山松同样产生病害作用。用切根幼苗为材料对该毒素进行生测，所需时间虽较短，但幼苗所产生的症状较复杂，不易观察和确定；以松树及其木段为材料将该毒素进行接种试验，则在韧皮部位形成明显的反应区，与接菌产生的反应症状一样，容易确定，但木段上出现反应症状的时间较短，因此，以木段为材料，采用接种法进行该毒素活性检测较好。     

辣椒细菌性果实条斑病菌生物学特性及抑菌药剂筛选

研究辣椒细菌性果实条斑病菌的生物学特性,对病原菌进行室内药剂筛选,旨在为田间病害规律研究和病害防治提供依据。采用紫外分光光度计测定病原菌在不同温度、pH、NaCl浓度下的生长速率。采用滤纸片抑菌圈法对病原菌进行室内药剂筛选试验。结果表明,辣椒细菌性果实条斑病菌最适生长温度为28℃,最适pH 7.0,病原菌的耐盐性为12%。18种供试药剂在药剂推荐使用剂量范围内,四霉素、乙蒜素、77%志信、氯溴异氰尿酸4种药剂对病原菌有抑菌效果,对这4种药剂进行毒力测定,结果表明四霉素的毒力较强,EC₅₀值为11.75 mg/L,毒力强于其他3种试剂,四霉素可作为田间防治药剂的首选。     

腐霉枯萎病菌毒素在坪草抗病性筛选中的应用研究

为了快速鉴定坪草的抗病性,本研究利用坪草腐霉枯萎病菌毒素对坪草进行了抗病性鉴定。根、茎抑制率试验表明,多年生黑麦草中英斯派对该毒素的敏感性最强,10倍液对其根、茎抑制率分别为46.3%和86.1%。而草地早熟禾的抗性最强,其中阔雅对该毒素的敏感性最低,10倍液对根、茎抑制率分别为5.5%和30.1%。活体、离体生物测定结果表明草地早熟禾对腐霉病抗性最强,表现为1级,属于抗性品系,其次为高羊茅,为2~3级,匍匐剪股颖为3级,属于敏感品系,多年生黑麦草为3~4级,属于较敏感品系,综合评定阔雅和英斯派分别为抗病和感病品种。对抗、感品种进行防御酶类(SOD、POD、CAT)比活变化测定,结果显示,阔雅出现活性峰的时间要比英斯派早12~36 h,而且阔雅细胞内SOD、POD、CAT的比活分别比英斯派高38.8%,59.1%和89.5%。     

Newly developed SSR markers reveal genetic diversity and geographical clustering in Paeonia suffruticosa based on flower colour

Tree peony (Paeonia suffruticosa Andr.), considered by many to be the national flower of China, is famous for its ornamental, medicinal and culinary attributes. In this study, a total of 8,663 Simple Sequence Repeats (SSRs) were detected by means of a microsatellite search of unigene sequences identified from the de novo assembly of sequence data from different genotypes of tree peony from the Zhongyuan group. Among 100 randomly selected SSR markers, 25 were successfully amplified and showed polymorphism in 31 tree peony accessions. The number of polymorphic alleles ranged from 3 to 11 for each locus and the polymorphism information content value (PIC) ranged from 0.58 to 0.85, with a mean of 0.73, indicating a high level of discriminative capability. To analyse the genetic diversity, a phylogenetic tree was constructed, which demonstrated that tree peonies of similar flower colour were clustered together. The large number of tree peony SSR markers identified in this study will be valuable in studies in genetic diversity and linkage map construction, in gene localisation and cloning and in molecular-marker-assisted breeding in tree peony.     

Distribution of ectomycorrhizas and ectomycorrhizal fungal inoculum with soil depth in a birch forest

The distributions of ectomycorrhizas and ectomycorrhizal fungal inoculum with soil depth (0–45 cm) were determined in a 40-year-oldBetula platyphylla var.japonica forest. Mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal fine roots were measured in each soil core sample that was collected at soil depths of 0–5, 5–10, 10–15, 15–20, 20–25, 30–35, and 40–45 cm. The ectomycorrhizas were mainly distributed (>50%) in the top soil (0–5 cm) of organic forest floor horizons. Below 5 cm the quantity of ectomycorrhizas decreased sharply. The percentage of fine roots which were ectomycorrhizal gradually declined with the depth of soil. The ectomycorrhizal fungal inoculum was evaluated by a bioassay method, measuring the lengths of the entire root system and of the ectomycorrhizal roots of birch seedlings planted in each soil sample. The soil samples were collected from 0–5, 10–15, 20–25, 30–35, and 40–45 cm depths of the soil profile. Ectomycorrhizal formation on birch seedling roots in the bioassay was high in both the soil depth intervals 0–5 cm and 10–15 cm, while the amount was lower in the soil depth interval from 20–45 cm. The results of these investigations show that the amount of the ectomycorrhizas in soil, and the ectomycorrhizal fungal inoculum potential as determined by bioassay, are not always consistent with each other.     

森林资源二类调查村镇林样户抽样组织方法研究

利用郑州市中牟县森林资源二类调查的49个村、196户林木蓄积资料,采用简单随机抽样、两阶抽样、事后分层抽样3种样本组织方法分别对中牟县村镇林蓄积总量进行估计,通过对比发现事后分层抽样优于其它两种方法,估计精度为0．8986．具有较高的估计效率。     

小麦赤霉病的产量质量损失简易估计方法研究

以小麦赤霉病为害的损失结构为基础,根据品种混合的各损失指标与病情间的关系以及各损失指标间的相互关系的计算结果,提出了小麦赤霉病的产量、质量损失简易估计方法,为小麦赤霉病产量、质量损失提供了一个简捷的估计工具。     

AcNPV对甜菜夜蛾二龄幼虫的生物测定

以甜菜夜蛾二龄幼虫对苜蓿银纹夜蛾核型多角体病毒（AcNPV）两种毒株采用生物测定方法进行比较。对AcNPV两毒株杀虫毒力及杀虫速率的分析表明：以甜菜夜蛾活体增殖的ACNPVA株（LD(50)=131．8PIB／头）比用草地贪夜蛾细胞株（Sf9）增殖的AcNPVB株（LD(50)=1696．8PIB／头）毒力要高10倍,而毒杀速率,也以AcNPVA株（LT(50)=4．46d）比AcNPVB株（LT(50)=6．57d）快1．5倍。     

A rapid reliable test for screening aryloxyphenoxy- propionic acid resistance within Alopecurus myosuroides and Lolium spp. populations

A reliable seedling bioassay was developed and tested for the rapid screening for resistance to aryloxyphenoxypropionic (APP) herbicides in Alopecurus myosuroides and Lolium spp. populations. It is based upon the difference in coleoptile length of resistant and susceptible A. myosuroides and Lolium seedlings, respectively, exposed to fenoxaprop-P acid and diclofop acid solution for 6 days in a plastic box. A 6 mg L⁻¹ fenoxaprop-P acid solution was selected as the best concentration for a reliable screening of resistant biotypes within A. myosuroides populations. At this concentration, coleoptile lengths of susceptible and resistant seedlings were shorter and longer than 10 mm respectively. Similarly, resistant seedlings within Lolium populations were easily detected at 10 mg L⁻¹ diclofop acid. At this concentration, coleoptile lengths of susceptible and resistant seedlings were shorter and longer than 20 mm respectively. For both populations, the coleoptile length distributions appear to discriminate between two kinds of APP-resistant biotypes (highly and slightly resistant).     

Variation in quality and decomposability of red oak leaf litter along an urban-rural gradient

 This study tested whether urban land use can affect the chemistry and decomposability of Quercus rubra L. (red oak) leaf litter in forests within and near a large metropolitan area. Cities may affect the quality of leaf litter directly through foliar uptake of atmospheric pollutants, and indirectly through alterations in local climate and changes in soil fertility caused by pollutant loads and altered nutrient cycling regimes. Using a microbial bioassay, we tested whether red oak leaf litter collected from urban and suburban forests in and near New York City differed in decomposability from litter of the same species collected from rural forests 130 km from the city. We found that oak litter from the urban forests decayed 25% more slowly and supported 50% less cumulative microbial biomass in a laboratory bioassay than rural litter. Rural litter contained less lignin and more labile material than urban litter, and the amounts of these chemical constituents were highly correlated with the decay rate coefficients and integrated microbial growth achieved on the litter. The specific causes of the variation in litter chemistry are not known. The results of this study suggest that decomposer activity and nutrient cycling in forests near large cities may be affected both by altered litter quality and by altered biotic, chemical and physical environments. The sensitivity of the microbial bioassay makes it useful for distinguishing differences in within-species litter quality that result from natural or anthropogenic variation in the environment. Received: 7 January 1999