三个中籼稻骨干恢复系对白叶枯病和褐飞虱抗性改良效果的评价

利用分子标记辅助选择和田间鉴定选择相结合的方法,将抗白叶枯病基因Xa23和抗褐飞虱基因Bph18(t)导入明恢86、蜀恢527和浙恢7954等3个骨干中籼恢复系,获得带有Xa23抗性基因纯合的改良恢复系明恢86-Xa23、蜀恢527-Xa23、浙恢7954-Xa23和携有抗褐飞虱Bph18(t)基因的蜀恢527-Bph18(t)、浙恢7954-Bph18(t),并从蜀恢527/IRBB23 F₁和浙恢7954/IR65482 F₁复交后代中选育出的带有Xa23和Bph18(t)的双基因聚合系浙蜀-Xa23-Bph18(t)。明恢86-Xa23、蜀恢527-Xa23、浙恢7954-Xa23和浙蜀-Xa23-Bph18(t)对中国和菲律宾的17个白叶枯病菌均表现高抗,蜀恢527-Bph18(t)、浙恢7954-Bph18(t)和浙蜀-Xa23-Bph18(t)对褐飞虱的抗性也达到中抗以上水平。抗性改良恢复系及其与不育系II-32A、沪旱11A的测交种在不接种白叶枯病菌条件下的产量和结实率与原来的恢复系及相应杂交种相仿,但在接种条件下带有Xa23基因的恢复系及测交种的结实率和产量明显优于原来的恢复系及相应杂交种。研究表明,抗性基因Xa23在不同恢复系背景下的抗性表达完全,对恢复系白叶枯病改良的效果明显,而抗性基因Bph18(t)对褐飞虱的改良效果与遗传背景有关。对分子标记回交和复交改良恢复系的抗病虫性进行了讨论。     

Effect of various plant factors on the expression of creeping-rootedness in lucerne (Medicago sativa L. complex)

Although agronomically interesting, selection of creeping-rootedness inlucerne, that is, the ability to form adventitious shoots on horizontal,spreading roots, remains difficult because of the complex and still unclear geneticcontrol of this character, coupled with the possible occurrence of external factorsthat affect unpredictably its expression. Two experiments were undertaken onprogenies of creeping-rooted plants, to verify previous findings and inferences,and test novel hypotheses, concerning the effect of various plant factors on theexpression of creeping-rootedness. The ultimate aim was to provide information onthe most appropriate germplasm, procedures, or indirect selection criteria, that wouldimprove the efficiency of breeding for this character. The factors here examinedincluded genotype, age, kind of progeny, vigour, spreading ability, and undergroundmorphology. Some genotypes appeared to be good donors of the character, whereasothers did not. The proportion of creeping-rooted plants increased in allcases with the plant age. Selfing consistently depressed the expression ofthe character compared with clonal propagation or crossing. It is suggestedthat the effect of age and selfing on the penetrance of creeping-rootedness ismediated through their effect on plant vigour. Both aerial and root vigour showedindeed an effect per se on the presence of the character. Beside thevigour, possible indirect selection criteria were identified in the frequenciesof swollen zones and latent stem primordia on horizontal roots. Proportion ofcreeping-rooted plants in progenies after one year of growth appeared as a simple anduseful criterion to predict future trends. Consistent with previous conclusions, theresults provided evidence that a combination of family and individualselection may enhance the character expression.     

磷、钾对番茄可溶性碳水化合物分配的影响

以番茄苗为试验材料,研究了不同浓度磷、钾对番茄植株可溶性碳水化舍物分配的影响。结果表明：磷、钾亏缺处理45d后,与正常磷、钾处理相比,磷亏缺的植株冠根比下降,而钾亏缺的植株冠根比则上升。钾亏缺的植株叶片中,蔗糖、还原糖和总可溶性糖含量均表现为上升,根中则表现为下降。磷亏缺的植株叶片中,蔗糖、还原糖和总可溶性糖含量基本不变,而在根中则表现为不同程度的增加。在叶和根的总可溶性糖中,钾亏缺和磷亏缺的植株,根部总可溶性糖所占的比例分别为10．71％和45．65％,两者的对照分别为28．63％和33．11％。上述结果表明,钾和磷在光合产物的转运中所起的作用不同,植株中营养元素亏缺不同,干物质在不同部位的分配也不同。     

表达 HarpinEa基因的转基因马铃薯的晚疫病抗性分析

 通过根癌农杆菌介导,用Harpin_Ea基因转化马铃薯四倍体栽培种大西洋（Atlantic）,获得107个马铃薯转化株系。经过卡那霉素的抗性鉴定和PCR分子检测,有59株PCR检测成阳性,占所有转化植株的55.14%.实验对部分转基因植株进行室内抗病性评价,从24个PCR阳性株系中筛选到9个株系的抗病性与对照相比有显著差异(P<0.05),其中7株的抗病性与对照相比差异极显著(P<0.001)。结果初步表明Harpin_Ea基因已整合到马铃薯的基因组中并得到表达,提高了植株的晚疫病抗性。     

广州地区九种花卉疫病病原种的鉴定

从广州地区采集月季、杜鹃、卡特利利亚兰、康乃馨、蒲包花、长春花、一品红、百合和绿巨人共９种花卉疫病标本,根据病原菌性和无性形态特征,结合生长温度和菌体可溶性蛋白聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳,将它们分别鉴定为：Ｐｈｙｔｏｐｈｔｈｏｒａ ｃｉｔｒｉｃｏｌａ Ｓａｗａｄａ（为害月季）、Ｐ．ｃｉｔｒｏｐｈｔｈｏｒａ（Ｒ．Ｅ．Ｓｍｉｔｈ＆Ｅ．Ｈ．Ｓｍｉｔｈ）Ｌｅｏｎｉａｎ（为害杜鹃）、Ｐ．ｐａｌｒｎｉｖｏｒａ（Ｂｕｔ     

我国水稻三大病害综合治理研究(综述)

对我国近年来在水稻稻瘟病、纹枯病、白叶枯病的研究现状以及病原菌、抗性品种、控害栽培、药剂及抗药性、病害流行及预测预报、防治指标及防治策略等方面的进展进行了评述。     

鲜食玉米大斑病经济阈值及品种抗性分级标准

【目的】明确福建省鲜食玉米大斑病田间病情与玉米产量损失的关系,为福建省鲜食玉米大斑病的合理防控提供理论依据。【方法】在玉米大斑病自然发病条件下,利用不同施药次数人为造成田间不同病情梯度,建立病情指数与玉米产量损失率模型,制定适合福建省鲜食玉米大斑病的经济阈值。同样条件下,以病情指数与产量损失率模型推算不同抗性玉米品种科学用药时期和次数,制定鲜食玉米品种抗性分级标准。【结果】采用逐步回归分析建立了玉米大斑病全部叶片病情指数与种植天数的回归方程。玉米产量损失率与玉米大斑病全部叶和功能叶病情指数均呈显著正相关关系,建立了基于玉米全部叶和功能叶病情指数与产量损失率的模型。在用药次数依次为1,2,3和4次条件下,基于全部叶病情指数乳熟期（R3）玉米大斑病经济阈值分别是14.63,17.88,18.72和22.06,基于功能叶病情指数分别是7.74,10.43,12.24和16.80。基于建立的回归方程、经济阈值及玉米籽粒建成期（R2）功能叶病情指数（DI）,建议玉米品种抗性分级标准为：DI≤15为抗病（R）,15＜DI≤30为中抗（MR）,30＜DI≤45为中感（MS）,DI＞45为感病（S）。【结论】建立了福建省鲜食玉米大斑病田间病情消长动态理论模型和病情指数与产量损失率的模型,制定了玉米大斑病的经济阈值和不同玉米品种对大斑病的抗性分级标准。     

观赏性小苹果“特丽”的组织培养及快速繁殖技术

以MS为基本培养基，以观赏性小苹果“特丽”的茎段为外植体，建立了无菌培养体系，研究了不同的激素配比和不同茎段类型对增殖培养的影响以及不同的生长素组合对试管苗生根的影响。结果表明：MS+BA0.5 mg/L~2.0mg/L+NAA0.1mg/L均为适合的芽萌发培养基；MS+BA1.5mg/L+IBA0.1mg/L是最适合的茎段增殖培养基；继代增殖培养取留顶芽无侧芽和去顶芽带有1~2个侧芽两种类型的茎段有利于提高增殖系数；1/2MS+0.2mg/L IAA是最佳生根培养基。试管苗增殖系数达到5.6，生根率达91.9%。     

Race specific resistance against Phytophthora infestans in potato is controlled by more genetic factors than only R-genes

Summary For RFLP mapping of R-genes, determining resistance to specific races of Phytophthora infestans in tetraploid potato, it is necessary to develop well segregating populations at the 2x level. During mapping studies, evidence was obtained that more genetic factor(s) are involved in the expression of R-genes than conventionally believed. Two experiments are described in which such an additional genetic factor was suppressing or enhancing the expression of unknown R _nand R _ifactors. R _nand R _iappeared to be present in the investigated plant material, containing R4 and R10, or in one of the susceptible crossing parents. In a third experiment, the expression and the segregation of the well known R1 gene was influenced by an additional genetic factor. In that case there were indications for a dominant suppressor. This was established by the selection of susceptible plants carrying a RFLP allele of probe GP21 closely linked to R1. In three of the four F₁ populations, resulting from crosses between such susceptible plants and susceptible tester plants, resistnat progenies were found. The resistance appeared to be R1-specific. This clearly indicates that in three of the four investigated susceptible plants, the R1 gene was still present but not expressed.     

水稻抗纹枯病种质资源、抗性遗传和育种研究进展

水稻纹枯病以其常发性和对水稻产量造成的巨大损失而越来越受到重视,长江以南许多省份已将其列为水稻生产上的第一大病害。本文就水稻纹枯病抗病种质的资源发掘与利用、抗性遗传方式以及水稻纹枯病抗病育种进行了综述,认为目前水稻抗纹枯病研究中主要存在以下问题：缺乏高水平（免疫）抗源;没有一套比较客观、准确和简便的抗性鉴定标准;有些高抗材料表现为部分抗性;分子遗传研究和抗病育种脱节;以及高抗亲本配制的杂交组合在生产上抗性不高等。结合本课题组所进行的工作,认为当前水稻纹枯病抗病遗传育种研究应着重于以下方面：继续筛选、创制抗源;抗性鉴定中宜将Rush的0-9级标准和相对病斑长、Groth指标以及叶片蜡质含量结合使用;遗传研究群体和育种群体宜尽量为同一群体;聚合杂交育种和分子标记辅助选择结合应用,培育多基因抗病品种。同时展望了今后水稻纹枯病的研究前景。