The importance of reduced light intensity on the growth and development of six weed species

Crops limit light for photosynthesis and growth of weeds. We studied the effect of reduced light on performance of six weed species [one invasive species (Amsinckia micrantha), three common species (Veronica persica, Capsella bursa‐pastoris, Viola arvensis) and two less common weeds (Anagallis arvensis and Scleranthus annuus)]. In two glasshouse experiments, six light levels were achieved aiming at 0%, 20%, 50%, 80%, 90% and 95% reduction of light and corresponding with daily light integrals (DLI) of 12.4, 9.63, 7.13, 2.74, 0.95 and 0.69 mol m^?2 day^?1 in experiment 1 and 21.2, 18.0, 10.7, 3.71, 1.64 and 1.20 mol m^?2 day^?1 in experiment 2. The number of leaves was strictly controlled by DLI. Chlorophyll content index, maximum photochemical efficiency of photosystem II (F_v/F_m), stomatal conductance, flowering and dry matter were strongly reduced when DLI was reduced to 0.69–3.71 mol m^?2 day^?1 for all species. Threshold DLI for flowering was ca. 3.71 mol m^?2 day^?1 for S. annuus, V. arvensis, A. arvensis and V. persica, while C. bursa‐pastoris deviated by flowering at DLI of 0.95 mol m^?2 day^?1. This may explain why C. bursa‐pastoris is common in the seedbank of Danish arable soils in spite of intensive farming with well‐fertilised and dense crops.     

糯米糍荔枝叶片矿质养分含量充足范围的确定

对深圳市4个典型丰产园糯米糍荔枝叶片7种矿质养分(氮、磷、钾、钙、镁、锌和硼)含量的统计分析表明:采样地点和生育时期均对叶片营养元素含量有显著的影响。四个关键生育时期(末次秋梢老熟期、花芽形态分化期、谢花期和果实成熟期)的单株样与混合(多株)样的供试矿质养分含量之间大部分没有显著差异。本研究根据丰产园糯米糍荔枝叶片混合样的分析结果提出了7种矿质养分的充足含量范围。     

外源硝态氮对菊芋耐海水胁迫的影响

A hydroponic experiment with six treatments, i.e., 0% seawater （control）, 10% seawater, 25% seawater, 0% seawater ＋ N （7.5 mmol L-1 NaNO3）, 10% seawater ＋ N （7.5 mmol L-1 NaO3）, and 25% seawater ＋ N （7.5 mmol L-1 NaNO3）, was carried out to study the effect of nitrogen addition on the growth and physiological and biochemical characteristics of Jerusalem artichoke （Helianthus tuberosus） seedlings under seawater stress. The 10% seawater stress treatment had the least effect on plant growth while at 25% seawater growth was significantly inhibited. The malondialdehyde content and electrolyte leakage in leaves under 10% seawater were similar to those of the control, but significantly higher under the 25% seawater stress. The activities of superoxide dismutase, peroxidase and catalase in the leaves increased concomitantly with increasing seawater concentration and time. Proline and soluble-sugars in the leaves and Na^＋, K^＋, and Cl- contents in shoots and roots increased significantly with the concentration of seawater increasing. Nitrogen addition resulted in increasing fresh and dry weights of shoots and roots compared with seawater treatment without N. Nitrogen supplementation also significantly enhanced the activities of antioxidant enzymes in leaves. Addition of N to seawater enhanced the contents of proline and soluble-sugars in the leaves and K^＋ and total-N in the aerial parts and roots of H. tuberosus, but it resulted in declined concentrations of Na^＋ and Cl- in the aerial parts and roots. Nitrogen addition ameliorated the toxicity of seawater by improving the antioxidative enzymes, accumulating of proiine and soluble-sugars, and altering the distribution of inorganic ions in H. tuberosus.     

油茶高干嫁接遮荫材料筛选

为了更好的将高干嫁接技术应用于生产,对嫁接过程中的遮荫材料进行了筛选研究,结果表明：除黑色营养钵外,其余遮荫材料报纸、黄色离型纸、牛皮纸和防水牛皮纸的变型与嫁接芽的死亡极显著相关,遮荫材料是影响嫁接成活的重要因素.所选的5种材料中,防水牛皮纸作为遮荫材料嫁接成活率最高,嫁接120天后芽成活率仍然超过80％,折算嫁接每芽成本为1.69元,其次是牛皮纸,120天后芽成活率超过70％,嫁接每芽成活成本为1.78元,而最低的黑色营养钵120天的嫁接成活率仅为1.11％,折算嫁接每芽成活成本达到113.36元.综合考虑嫁接成活、嫁接成本以及取材的便利,生产中宜选用牛皮纸作为遮荫材料.     

新疆天山北坡山地草甸草地资源退化生态分析

通过对永久围栏不放牧草地、围栏放牧草地、不围栏放牧草地等进行草地植物群落和环境条件的综合调查;利用放牧空间梯度的方法,在一定范围内,随机扔取样圆,统计样地的植物种类;以Dyksterhuirs法评定草地基况,分析天山北坡山地草甸草地资源及退化程度.结果表明:(1)永久围栏不放牧草地植被组成接近原生植被,土质松软、土壤持水量好、地表平坦,基本上无鼠洞;(2)围栏放牧草地与不围栏离棚圈100和50 m放牧草地,优良牧草比例下降,增加植物占有很大比例,土壤硬度增加,保墒性能下降,地表有少量鼠洞;(3)栏外路边人类活动频繁区草地,增加植物增多,草地出现侵入者植物,土壤质地坚硬,地表有大量鼠洞,出现裸露与土丘.由此说明了天山北坡山地草甸出现了明显的退化特征.     

新疆不同种类蔬菜农药残留检出规律的研究

在新疆23个不同区域设采样点,共采集1 501个蔬菜样品,分析样品中51项农药残留,研究了不同种类蔬菜农药残留检出的规律性。结果表明,新疆不同区域蔬菜质量安全状况良好,合格率较高,部分蔬菜存在农药检出、超标现象,并具有一定的规律性,与蔬菜种类、生长季节及我国农药产业结构等因素有关。根据实验结果提出降低蔬菜农药残留的对策,以规范该区农药使用,提高蔬菜生产产量、质量及效益。     

我国梅雨研究回顾与讨论

[目的]回顾我国梅雨的研究进展及其研究成果。[方法]利用国家气象信息中心提供的1961~2009年相关台站降水、日照资料和1996年NCEP/DOE2逐日高度场资料,从梅雨的划分、梅雨区范围及其空间分布3个方面,回顾了前人对我国梅雨的研究。[结果]制定一个客观的、统一的梅雨划分标准需进一步研究和探讨,以便为我国梅雨范围的确定提供基础。在梅雨期的划定中,加以考虑日照时长参数,可使入出梅的划定更加可靠。气候平均结果显示宜昌以西的湖北西南部仍有梅雨现象,梅雨范围可西延一个经度;传统梅雨区的西北角梅雨现象不显著,已不属于我国梅雨范围;应以客观、统一的梅雨标准区分湖南中部、江西中部和浙中南地区的春雨和梅雨。[结论]我国学者对江淮梅雨的分型还存在诸多争议,选择合适的分析方法和分析区域对梅雨分型有着重要影响。     

逆境胁迫对红花檵木生长发育的影响

通过对红花檵木进行干旱、高温、低温、水涝、遮阴等胁迫处理,研究逆境胁迫对其生长发育的影响．结果表明:红花檵木耐干旱能力强,当出现干旱时叶片自我保护性萎蔫,在土壤含水率低至10．5%时,仍可生长;耐高温能力较强,在40℃时能正常生长,在45℃环境条件下安全生存;红花檵木较耐寒,在-14℃的低温下能安全越冬,根系的耐寒性强于枝叶,可推广到年最低气温为-14～-16℃的地区,低于-16℃要进行防冻处理;耐水涝能力很强,在滞水中能生存10～12d,流水中生存40d以上;红花檵木属中性偏阳性树种,光照度在2．0×10~4 lx以下时,生长不良,开花少,光照度大于5．0×10~4 lx时,生长发育正常．     

Growing Degree Day: Noninvasive Remotely Sensed Method to Monitor Diet Crude Protein in Free-Ranging Cattle

The daily nutritional balance of free-ranging cattle is the net result of intake from available forage biomass and nutritive value weighed against the nutritional requirements of the animal. Plant phenology influences nutritive value. Plant phenology is dictated by time of year and an accumulation of photosynthetically active days. Growing degree day (GDD) is a concept that quantifies this relationship and has been used to predict nutritive value in perennial range grasses. GDD could be substituted for chemical analysis to inform grazing animal nutritional monitoring efforts. We hypothesized that in C4 grass-dominated rangelands, a cumulative GDD calculation would correlate with diet crude protein (CP) predictions obtained by fecal near infrared spectroscopy (FNIRS) from free-ranging cattle. Therefore, the objectives of our research were to evaluate the effectiveness of GDD to predict FNIRS-derived determinations of grazing cattle diet CP in 1) two groups of three individual animals grazing a small native pasture and 2) large commercial-scale herds grazing expansive rangelands. For the first objective, cumulative GDD and FNIRS-predicted diet CP were strongly correlated (r² = 0.76; P < 0.01). Relationships between cumulative GDD and FNIRS-predicted diet CP for the second objective varied considerably among ranches, ranging from a low r² of 0.05 (P = 0.871) to a high r² of 0.78 (P < 0.049). Similar values for individual ranch/year combinations were stronger; ranging from a minimum r² of 0.44 (P = 0.556) to a maximum of 0.95 (P = 0.051). The aggregate relationship between GDD and FNIRS-predicted CP for all ranch/year combinations was highly significant (r² = 0.37; P < 0.001), but the standard error was 1.86% CP. The noninvasive remotely sensed grazing animal nutritional monitoring method described here was accurate enough to inform tactical rangeland diet quality assessments but was not accurate enough to inform operational-scale grazing management decisions.     

Landscape context and selection for forest edge by breeding Brown-headed Cowbirds

We evaluated support for four alternate hypotheses explaining the distribution of breeding Brown-headed Cowbirds (Molothrus ater) in forests at varying distances from the forest edge in three Midwestern USA landscapes with varying amounts of forest fragmentation (core forest area ranged from 5 to 70%). We focused on breeding cowbirds’ use of forest because of the risk of nest parasitism to forest-dwelling hosts and to identify factors affecting breeding cowbird habitat selection. We compared distances of cowbird locations in the forest from the forest edge (“edge distances”) to distances of random forest locations in the entire landscape or within individual cowbird home ranges. We analyzed 1322 locations of 84 cowbirds across three landscapes. We found support for the landscape context hypothesis that breeding cowbird preference for forest edge varied with landscape context. Ninety percent of cowbird locations were within 150–350 m of forest edge, despite the overall availability of forest at greater distances from edge (as far as 500–1450 m) both within cowbird home ranges and the entire forested landscape. Cowbird preference for edge varied by landscape context largely due to differences in the availability of forest edge. In a highly fragmented forest cowbirds utilized the entire forest and likely viewed it as “all edge.” In less fragmented forests, cowbirds preferred edge. We consider how variation in cowbird edge preference might relate to patterns in host abundance, host diversity, and host quality because cowbird movements indicate they are capable of using forest farther from edges.