外来树种马占相思自然繁殖更新研究

调查马占相思人工林的自然更新情况,在国内首次发现马占相思存在种子成苗方式的自然更新.但马占相思的自然更新受立地条件制约:只有在林缘的裸露立地条件下,马占相思的种子才能萌发成苗.马占相思16年生单株在45°扇形单方向更新扩散的最远距离为17.5 m,更新繁殖的株数最多有26株;扩散距离与扩散株数之间没有明显的相关性.1987年穴状埋根造林的马占相思,其林缘更新扩散的最远距离为10.0 m,更新繁殖的株数最多有3株;1997年穴状埋根造林的马占相思,其林缘更新扩散的最远距离为3.0 m,更新繁殖的株数最多有14株.用小样方法调查马占相思人工林下乡土乔木、灌木和草本植物的自然更新.结果表明,在马占相思林分内,共发现12种乔木树种、3种灌木树种和8种草本植物,这些乡土植物均表现为生活力强.研究结果表明,马占相思在靠近水源的裸露立地条件下可以自然更新,更新的方式为种子繁殖;马占相思不影响乡土植物的正常生长.     

多疣狭口蛙的两性异形

测量和比较采自昆明东北郊的131只成年多疣狭口蛙K a lou la verrucosa标本(72♂59♀),同时野外观察雌雄蛙的伏卧姿势、运动方式和繁殖行为.成年雌雄蛙的体长、吻长、鼓膜直径、内突长、前臂宽、后肢全长和足长7个形态特征差异显著.对与体长相关的前臂宽、后肢全长和足长进一步回归分析表明,雄蛙前臂宽随体长的增长速率显著大于雌蛙,雌蛙后肢全长和足长随体长的增长速率显著大于雄蛙.雄蛙的前臂宽、后肢全长和足长均大于相同体长雌蛙的前臂宽、后肢全长和足长.繁殖期雄蛙前肢内侧及胸腹部布满分泌物,雌蛙无.雄蛙为2/3蹼,雌蛙约为1/3蹼.雄蛙具单咽外声囊,雌蛙无.雄蛙肛部疣粒大而光滑,雌蛙肛部疣粒细长而尖.     

Temporal patterns of seedling mortality by pine weevils (Hylobius abietis) after prescribed burning in northern Sweden

Damage by the large pine weevil, Hylobius abietis (L.), is a major threat to conifer plantations throughout Eurasia, but damage is usually less severe in northern areas. However, pine weevil damage seems to increase if the sites are burnt. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of variations in the time of planting (with respect to the total age of the clear-cut and the time since burning) on pine weevil damage to seedlings on burnt sites in northern Sweden. The study also explored whether there is an optimal time for planting at which damage levels are reduced to acceptable levels. Ten sites were selected in an inland area of northern Sweden where pine weevils are normally scarce. The sites were dry–mesic and represented a range of times since clear-cutting and since burning. The sites were planted in June 1998, 1999 and 2000 with 1-year-old container-grown seedlings of Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.]. Pine weevil damage was reduced if planting was done no earlier than 3 years after clear-cutting and no earlier than 2 years after burning. Planting too soon after burning, irrespective of the age of the clear-cut, resulted in unacceptably high damage levels.     

浅谈阔叶次生林的人工促进天然更新

人工促进天然更新是恢复和发展天然阔叶林的重要更新方式,具有投入少、恢复快、收益大和易于实施等特点.人工促进天然更新的阔叶次生林与人工营造杉木林样地比较结果表明,在同一立地条件下,同龄阔叶树的树种种类、郁闭度、生物多样性、高径比等各项生长指标均高于人工杉木林.文中阐述了人工促进天然更新中的抚育间伐、林分改造、封山育林和封禁保护、补植等具体措施,并提出保护现有阔叶林,实施人工促进阔叶林天然更新,扩大水源涵养林、水土保持林等防护林比重等建议.     

民勤绿洲人工治沙林自然更新能力调查研究

民勤绿洲治沙造林以梭梭、柠条、沙拐枣为主要树种,经多年定点观测研究,结果表明:梭梭、柠条、沙拐枣在民勤地区均能实现一定量的自然更新,更新量与当年降水量及降水的理想分布呈正相关;梭梭更新一般发生在春季,但春夏无有效降水的情况下,秋季也有少量更新,而柠条、沙拐枣的更新以秋季为主,翌年春季也有更新;3树种自然更新对林木盖度增加几无影响,6年间梭梭、柠条、沙拐枣每hm2株数分别增加了16.7%、8.0%、37.2%;3树种自然更新有明显的地域差异性;个例调查,沙拐枣良好更新具有普遍性,柠条次之,而梭梭只能为个例;更新能力沙拐枣柠条梭梭。     

退耕还林工程可持续发展问题研究

简要总结了我国自2002年全面启动退耕还林（草）工程以来所取得的成果．分析了还存在的工程规划不尽合理;没有建立起有效的产权制度;劣质种苗造林;未能适地适树等现象屡见不鲜;后续产业发展步履艰难等问题．为了巩固成果实现该工程的可持续发展,应采取保持政策的可持续性;政府进行宏观调控,刺激农民的参与意愿;征收生态环境补偿税;适地适树（草）提高工程质量等应对措施．     

沙地云杉林天然更新格局及其影响因子的灰关联分析

为了揭示沙地云杉种群发生、发展的内在机制,寻找影响沙地云杉林天然更新的瓶颈因子,应用格局分析和灰关联分析的方法对内蒙古白音敖包国家级自然保护区沙地云杉林的天然更新格局及其主要影响因子进行了研究。结果表明:沙地云杉林天然更新幼苗、幼树呈聚集分布,且死亡率高;枯枝落叶层厚度、下木盖度以及腐殖质层厚度对沙地云杉林天然更新影响最大,其关联度分别达到了0.749,0.746和0.678;海拔高度和坡度的关联度分别为0.615,0.621,与天然更新的关联度最小,对天然更新影响较小。     

Fuelwood Resources and Forest Regeneration on Fallow Land in Uganda

Abstract

East African forests have been largely converted to agriculture. The remaining forests hold many endangered species but are threatened by the heavy local demand for fuelwood. Here we evaluate fallow land in western Uganda as an alternate fuel source to diverse forests. We quantify the regeneration process on fallows, calculate tree bio-mass increases, and measure grass and woody herb biomass over 44 months. The biomass values we measured were typical or slightly below the average from 11 studies elsewhere in the tropics. Variation in biomass between our neighboring study sites exceeded that between sites on different continents, indicating the sensitivity of vegetation regeneration to local land use. Tree regeneration was extremely slow (0.46 g/m²/year); however, the woody herbs and grasses on a 4 year old fallow of ～0.5 ha can provide much of a family's domestic fuel. Fallow land is generally abundant in western Uganda and can partially alleviate pressure on forests for domestic fuels. Fallows cannot however provide the trees demanded by charcoal, brick, and gin manufacturers. In the future, conserving forests while meeting fuelwood demands will require improving local land tenure security, enhancing the productivity of cultivated and abandoned land, promoting more efficient stoves, stills and kilns, and curtailing illicit, inefficient charcoal manufacture.     

鄂东北枫香林更新演替研究

实地调查了红安天台山的枫香(Liquidambar formosana)纯林、枫香-锐齿槲栎(Quercus aliena var.acuteserrata Maxim)等阔叶混交林、枫香-马尾松(Pinus massoniana Lamb.)针阔混交林3种森林类型的12个样地,分别选用特卡钦科法、分层频度法评价各森林类型的更新等级和演替趋势。结果表明,3种森林群落的优势树种更新较差,幼苗数量比较少,主要受郁闭度、坡向、坡度和坡位的影响。阔叶纯林(枫香林)将演替为以枫香、锐齿槲栎和化香(Platycarya strobilacea Sieb.et Zucc.)为主要组成树种的阔叶混交林;以枫香为主的阔叶混交林在一定时期内将演替为阔叶混交林;而针阔混交林将演替为阔叶混交林。     

藏东南高山松天然林土壤种子库及天然更新特征

高山松是藏东南针叶林的主要建群种之一,高山松林是雅鲁藏布江中下游、尼洋河、帕隆藏布等流域的重要水源涵养林.采用样地样方调查、野外定位监测、室内试验分析等方法对藏东南高山松天然林的高山松种子雨、土壤种子库、高山松种子萌发及天然更新特征进行了研究.结果表明,高山松种子雨强度平均为249.30±78.42粒/m2,其中饱满种子为168.09±56.36粒/m2、虫蛀种子为41.11±20.25粒/m2、空种子为40.10±21.04粒/m2,种子雨强度随时问表现出先增加后减少的单峰型趋势.整个落种过程和不同落种时间的种子空问分布格局均表现为聚集分布,在一定范围内随着与母树距离的增加,种子雨扩散强度减弱,表现为近似正态分布高山松土壤种子库高山松种子平均密度为231粒/m2,其中62.77％的种子分布在枯落物层中、37.23％的种子分布在土壤层中,种子雨到土壤种子库过程中有近8％的种子损失.野外实地播种观测发现,高山种子累积萌发率与萌发天数的关系符合Logistics力程v=91.404/(1+e6.619-0.4491).高山松幼苗和幼树的高度结构、基径结构和年龄结构均呈反”J”型,表明高山松天然更新良好,保护好现有的环境状况,种群将呈稳定增长型.研究结果为高山松资源的有效保护和可持续利用提供了科学依据,同时进一步丰富了西藏高原同家生态安全屏障评价内容.