Masculinization of the Native Bay Snook,Petenia splendida,Using Oral Administration of the Synthetic Steroid 17α‐methyltestosterone

The possibility of inducing sex reversal in bay snook, Petenia splendida, was evaluated to generate a protocol aimed at producing single‐sex populations (100% males) and improving farming conditions for this species. This popular staple food is a cichlid fish native to Central America, with aquaculture potential. We evaluated oral administration of the synthetic steroid 17α‐methyltestosterone (MT) to determine optimal dosage (30, 45, and 60 mg/kg of food) and days of feeding (30, 45, and 60) to attain efficient masculinization. The statistical analysis indicates a highly significant effect of both factors as well as for the interaction (P < 0.01). We registered significant differences in growth at the end of the experiment; fish fed with 60 mg of MT for 60 d reached the largest size, while fish fed with no MT were smaller. No significant differences were observed for survival (P > 0.05), ranging from 55.7 to 75.3% in the treatments. We recommend the use of 60 mg/kg of MT for 30 d for achieving successful sex reversal. This study provides valuable information supporting the inclusion of new species in aquaculture, reducing time and costs associated with sex reversal previously proposed for the species.     

Gonadal morphogenesis and sex differentiation in cultured chub mackerel,Scomber japonicus

The timing of primordial germ‐cell (PGC) migration with regard to the gonadal anlagen, gonad formation and sex differentiation was examined histologically in the chub mackerel (Scomber japonicus) at 5–190 days post hatching (dph). At 5 dph, PGCs appeared on the peritoneal epithelium surface or in the mesentery, on the dorsal side of the abdominal cavity. By 10 dph, stromal cells around the PGCs proliferated. The gonadal primordium was formed by 15 dph. The gonadosomatic index was 0.01% at 30 dph and increased thereafter (0.32% in females and 0.04% in males at 160 dph). Ovarian differentiation occurred at 30–40 dph, indicated by ovarian cavity formation (elongation and fusion of the upper and lower ovarian edges). Meiosis was subsequently initiated. A few meiotic oocytes surrounded the cavity at 50 dph; most were in the perinucleolus stage at 60 dph and attained a diameter of 60–70 μm at 190 dph. Testicular differentiation occurred at 30 dph, indicated by the formation of the sperm duct primordium. Spermatogonia gradually proliferated, developing into spermatocytes at the chromatin–nucleolus stage (after 90 dph) and subsequently into spermatids and spermatozoa (160 dph). These data could aid the development of seeding and cell‐engineering technologies for scombrid fish.     

Explaining recreational angling catch rates of Eurasian perch,Perca fluviatilis: the role of natural and fishing‐related environmental factors

Angling catch records are frequently used to reveal fish population developments. It is therefore important to understand the determinants of angling catches. This study focused on angler‐related, biotic and abiotic factors influencing catchability of Eurasian perch, Perca fluviatilis L. A multi‐lake (21 lakes) study based on angling diaries collected in Mecklenburg‐Vorpommern, Germany (2006/2007), found that angler‐related factors such as fishing experience, species preference and bait/lure type had a large impact on perch catch rates. Additionally, environmental conditions (nutritional status and water transparency) affected either the size or the number of perch caught by anglers. Catch rates varied seasonally, which was confirmed by an experimental fishery on a gravel pit (2008). This portion of the study showed that altered food availabilities in the course of the year caused food limitation in perch, which in turn facilitated high catch rates and female‐biased exploitation in autumn. It is concluded that both angler‐related and abiotic factors interact affecting perch catch rates and size of perch captured in recreational angling.     

应用性诱剂监测高山蔬菜小菜蛾的发生动态

应用性诱剂对湖北高山蔬菜小菜蛾的发生动态进行了监测。结果表明．2002年小菜蛾在第一茬甘蓝上有两个发生高峰．诱蛾量分别为11．7&#177;2．4头&#183;盆^-1和9．2&#177;1．0头&#183;盆^-1,在第二茬甘蓝上有3个发生高峰,诱蛾量分别为70．9&#177;8．1头&#183;盆^-1、16．1&#177;2．7头&#183;盆^-1和11．1&#177;1．9头&#183;盆^-1：2003年小菜蛾在第一茬甘蓝上有3个发生小高峰,诱蛾量分别为4．7&#177;1．7头&#183;盆^-1,6．2&#177;1．9头&#183;盆^-1和6．3&#177;2．0头&#183;盆^-1,在第二茬甘蓝上有3个发生高峰,诱蛾量分别为62．5&#177;27．4头&#183;盆^-1．88．7&#177;25．1头&#183;盆^-1和12．6&#177;3．4头&#183;盆^-1。性诱剂与频振式杀虫灯相比,性诱剂监测小菜蛾更为灵敏,诱捕效果更好。     

桃潜蛾性信息素合成技术研究进展

介绍了以化学手段合成桃潜蛾性信息素的技术,从桃潜蛾性信息素合成技术发展的2个阶段(外消旋体的制备阶段、手性化合物的制备阶段)及4种合成方法(5 13,6 12,7 11,8 10方法)进行了综述,展示了其最新的合成路线,并展望了未来发展的趋势.     

宽胫夜蛾性信息素类似物的合成及其生物活性

【背景】近年来,随着新引种作物藜麦种植面积的显著增长,取食藜属植物的宽胫夜蛾（Protoschinia scutosa）逐渐增多并成为危害藜麦的主要害虫,对我国农作物生产构成潜在威胁。【目的】通过对宽胫夜蛾性信息素组分母体结构顺-11-十六碳烯乙酸酯（Z11-16:Ac）极性基团修饰,设计合成两种不同类型的类似物,并对其生物活性进行测定,为利用性信息素及类似物绿色防控宽胫夜蛾提供理论依据。【方法】以性信息素前体顺-11-十六碳烯醇（Z11-16:OH）为原料,三乙胺作缚酸剂(与酸酐反应时需加入催化剂4-二甲氨基吡啶),分别与2-溴丙酰氯、2-氯乙酰氯、二氟乙酸酐、三氟乙酸酐、甲基丙烯酰氯、2-丁烯酰氯发生酯化反应,经过柱层析分离纯化,合成卤素原子修饰的性信息素类似物K1—K4和碳链末端双键修饰的类似物K5—K6。采用梯度稀释配制不同浓度（0.001、0.01、0.1、1、10、100 μg·μL^-1）的类似物K1—K6溶液,利用不同浓度类似物直接刺激宽胫夜蛾雄蛾触角,测定类似物K1—K6的触角电生理（EAG）响应值;在性信息素诱芯中添加不同剂量的类似物配制性信息素类似物诱芯,于2021年夏季在北京延庆地区进行田间诱捕试验,根据统计诱芯的雄蛾诱捕量对类似物活性进行分析。【结果】类似物刺激浓度从0.001 μg·μL^-1增至100 μg·μL^-1,雄蛾触角对类似物K1—K5的EAG响应值呈现出逐渐增大的趋势。其中宽胫夜蛾雄蛾触角对化合物顺-11-十六碳烯-2-溴丙酸酯（K1）的响应最强烈,在100 μg·μL^-1下EAG响应值为1.34 mV。而类似物K5、K6的EAG活性相对较低,其EAG响应值在100 μg·μL^-1下分别为0.67、0.57 mV。田间诱捕试验表明合成的6种类似物均表现出较好的生物活性。其中类似物K5添加剂量为100 μg时,15 d平均诱捕量最高,为35.00头,显著高于性信息素对照。类似物K1添加剂量为10 μg时,15 d平均诱捕量为32.33头,显著高于性信息素对照。【结论】经过EAG测定和田间试验验证,类似物K1和K5表现出显著的增效活性,可作为宽胫夜蛾性信息素的增效剂;添加不同剂量的类似物K2、K3、K4、K6表现出了与性信息素相当的活性。研究结果可为宽胫夜蛾的绿色防控提供科学依据。     

3种二化螟防控措施的效果及效益分析

在湘阴试验示范基地对二化螟开展了3种不同防控技术措施的试验,比较分析了二化螟性诱剂、频振式杀虫灯和常规药剂的防治效果及经济效益。结果表明：性诱剂与杀虫灯对该虫的防控效果较好,可持续控制该虫种群的发展,其经济和生态效益明显。     

性诱剂防治二化螟效果的研究

在黑龙江省尚志市和方正县对应用二化螟性诱剂诱杀雄性二化螟成虫进行了试验。结果表明：二化螟性诱芯田间诱杀持续期为31-36 d,每晚最大诱蛾量分别为1120头和590头。性诱剂诱杀区枯心苗率、虫株率和白穗率与对照区相比差异显著。性诱剂诱杀区和常规施药防治区增产率分别为20.7%和19.2%,投入产出比分别为1∶22和1∶13。研究表明：性诱剂诱杀效果较好,与化学农药防治效果相当。应用二化螟性诱剂来防治二化螟,达到了节本、简便、增产、增效、增收的目的,是一项可以大力推广的绿色植保技术。     

害虫性信息素种群监测和大量诱杀技术的应用

昆虫性信息素是雌雄虫体交流的一种特异性化学物质,利用这种化学物质防治农业害虫在过去50年已经在国内外广泛应用.性信息素在农业上最广泛和成功的应用就是害虫种群监测及大量诱杀,用于监控和诱捕的性引诱剂产品每年估计有数百万,覆盖大约1000万hm2田地.简要介绍这两种技术近几年在国内外的应用情况,详细介绍不同目昆虫性信息素两种技术使用进展,并总结应用中存在的问题和其发展趋势.     

绵羊、山羊早期胚胎性别鉴定体系的建立

根据绵羊、山羊和牛SRY(sexdeterminingregionoftheY)基因中的183bp同源序列设计跨度为170bp的两对半嵌套式雄性特异性引物,同时根据β-珠蛋白基因序列设计240bp的常染色体引物作为内标引物,对提纯的血液DNA样品和胚胎细胞DNA样品进行PCR(polymerasechainreaction)以准确鉴定早期胚胎性别。扩增产物的琼脂糖凝胶电泳分析表明:0.2mmol/LdNTPs、2.0mmol/LMg2+、53℃退火条件下,雄性胚胎具有170bpSRY基因序列扩增带及240bpβ-珠蛋白基因序列扩增带;而雌性胚胎只有240bp常染色体基因序列扩增带。因此这个鉴定体系是可行的。