New technique of sex preselection for increasing female ratio in boar sperm model

In this study, we tried to optimize the porcine semen extender conditions to maximize the differences between live X chromosome-bearing (X) spermatozoa and to Y chromosome-bearing (Y) spermatozoa without a decline in the fertility rate at different pH conditions during storage. We observed the viability of X and Y boar spermatozoa in acidic (pH 6.2), original (pH 7.2), and alkaline condition (pH 8.2) for 5 days to investigate the effect of storage conditions on the X to Y spermatozoa ratio. The functional parameters of spermatozoa were also examined to evaluate sperm quality. Sperm motility was preserved at pH 7.2 and pH 6.2 for 3 days, while sperm motility at pH 8.2 decreased significantly after 2 days. Non-capacitated spermatozoa increased while capacitated spermatozoa decreased during storage. Sperm viability decreased significantly duration-dependent under all pH conditions, but there was no significant difference during storage at pH 6.2 and 7.2. The X: Y ratio of live spermatozoa in acidic condition was maximized (1.2:1) without affecting the sperm function and fertility-related protein expression after 2 days compared to original conditions. Moreover, insemination of sows using acidic extender increased the number of female pups on days 1 and 2 of preservation. These results indicate that the production of female offspring may increase when acidic BTS is used for 2 days without affecting the success rate of AI. Above all, this method is simple and economical compared to other methods.     

Effect of the strain combination of the donor and recipient on the production efficiency of W‐bearing sperm in mixed‐sex germline chimeric chickens

Effect of the strain combination of the donor and recipient on production efficiency of W‐bearing sperm in mixed‐sex chimeric testes was analyzed. The combinations of the donors and recipients were White Leghorn (WL) and Rhode Island Red (RIR), and vice versa. Generated mixed‐sex chimeras that had the male phenotype at sexual maturity were classified into four groups: (1) a female WL donor and a male RIR recipient; (2) a male WL donor and a female RIR recipient; (3) a female RIR donor and a male WL recipient; (4) a male RIR donor and a female WL recipient. The mean number of W‐bearing sperm detected by in situ hybridization among 10 000 sperm observed were 147, 165, 30 and 45 in groups 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively. The numbers in groups 1 and 2 were both significantly higher than those of groups 3 and 4 (P < 0.05). The combination of a WL donor and a RIR recipient produced W‐bearing sperm more efficiently than the reverse combination.     

控制sch单养雄蚕品种雌雄蚕孵出比例的催青处理因素研究

研究结果表明 :在RH 6 0 %状态下 ,控制性比的温度和下限时间负相关达到显著水平 ;控制性比的高温处理适于干燥状态下进行 ;处理后雌蚕孵化整齐度明显低于雄蚕孵化整齐度 ,雌雄蚕孵化整齐度均随处理温度的升高而下降 ,尤以雌蚕更为明显。由此提出了在RH 6 0 %状态下sch单养雄蚕品种控制性比的起点温度及温度、时间范围。认为高温催青用下限温度配合 1日收蚁法效果好 ,高温处理以后的胚胎适于在RH 80 %～ 85 %的湿度中保护     

补饲青绿饲料对不同性别肉仔鸡皮肤色泽的影响

研究了在饲喂全价配合日粮基础上补饲青绿饲料对不同性别肉仔鸡全身不同部位皮肤色泽的影响。各组自由采食玉米-豆粕型基础日粮,分别于第1、15、29天开始补饲青绿饲料,比较分析42日龄时的全身各部位皮肤的色泽(L、a、b值)。结果表明,不同性别肉仔鸡各部位皮肤色泽间存在一定的差异性;补饲青绿饲料对肉仔鸡皮肤色泽的影响效应,以黄度最强和亮度最弱;补饲青绿饲料的时间越早,对肉仔鸡皮肤色泽的影响越明显;补饲青绿饲料对母肉仔鸡皮肤色泽的影响比对公肉仔鸡更显著。     

利用分离的奶牛X精子冷冻精液生产体内性控胚胎试验

采用常规精液和分离的X精子冷冻精液对115头超数排卵的青年和经产荷斯坦母牛人工输精生产体内性控胚胎。结果表明,利用2支和3支性控精液给超排青年母牛输精,头均分别获得6.8枚±4.8枚和6.3枚±3.2枚可用胚胎,与常规精液的超排效果(7.2枚±5.2枚)无明显差异;利用2支和3支性控精液给超排经产母牛输精,头均可用胚胎分别为7.5枚±4.5枚和8.6枚±5.6枚,与常规精液的超排效果(6.1枚±3.2枚)相比,分别增加23%(P>0.05)和41%(P>0.05),无显著差异,但解冻后性控精子会明显影响经产母牛的受精率;对用性控精液输精生产的12枚抽样胚胎采用LAMP法进行性别鉴定并移植,结果获得了91.7%的雌性率和36.4%的受胎率。结果提示,X精子的分离过程会在一定程度上影响受精率,用分离的X精子冷冻精液对超排母牛进行人工授精生产体内性控胚胎是可行的。     

家畜性别控制的研究进展

对家畜性别决定机理、受精前的性别控制技术、受精后的胚胎性别鉴定技术以及今后性别控制技术的前景和趋势等方面进行了分析讨论,旨在为科研工作者和畜牧生产者提供参考.     

Regulation by gonadal steroids of estrogen and progesterone receptors along the reproductive tract in female lambs.

The regulation of estrogen and progesterone receptor (ER, PR) expression by estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P4) in the oviduct, uterus and cervix of female lambs was studied. The animals received three intramuscular injections of E2, P4 or vehicle with an interval of 24 h and they were slaugthered 24 h after the third injection. Determinations of ER and PR were performed by binding assays and mRNAs of ER alpha and PR by solution hybridization. High levels of ER and PR in both cervix and oviduct were found in the female lamb, differing from other mammalian species. No significant effects by either E2 or P4 treatment on ER and PR levels in the cervix and oviduct could be observed. E2 treatment increased the mRNA levels of ERa and PR more than 3-fold in the cervix, while P4 treatment increased the mRNA levels of ERa and PR in the uterus. The results show differential effects of gonadal steroids on sex steroid receptor expression along the reproductive tract in female lambs, suggesting that steroid target tissues can modulate responses to the same circulating levels of steroid hormones.     

The population dynamics of a recently introduced crayfish,Cherax quadricarinatus (von Martens, 1868), in the Sanyati Basin of Lake Kariba,Zimbabwe

The redclaw crayfish Cherax quadricarinatus is a recent introduction into Lake Kariba, Zimbabwe where it is rapidly spreading. There are, however, no studies that have investigated the population dynamics and possible ecological impacts of the crayfish in the lake. This study investigated aspects of the population biology of C. quadricarinatus in the lake. These included sex distribution, population growth and mortality parameters, probability of capture, recruitment and length at age of ge at maturity. Crayfish were captured monthly between January and December 2013 from 13 sites using opera house bait traps. Aspects of the species population biology were estimated using a fish stock assessment tool, FISAT II. A total of 3 205 crayfish were captured, of which 44% were male, 49% female and 7% intersex individuals. The asymptotic length (L_∞ = 112.88 mm), curvature parameter (k = 0.72), longevity (t_max = 4.17 years), growth performance index (? = 3.96), total mortality (Z = 2.06 y^?1), fishing mortality (F = 1.07 y^?1), natural mortality (M = 0.99 y^?1), rate of exploitation (E = 0.52) and length-at-first capture (L_c = 44.48 mm) were estimated. Fecundity averaged 503 ± 229 eggs female?1 and increased with size (weight and carapace length). Gravid females were found throughout the year but the highest proportion of females with eggs (4–10%) were found in the first quarter, whereas recruitment peaked in May and June. The smallest crayfish with eggs (48.75 mm CL) was estimated to be 1.02 years and the largest (94.82 mm CL) 2.85 years. Cherax quadricarinatus exhibited an r strategy life-history pattern due to continuous reproduction and high fecundity. In Lake Kariba, C. quadricarinatus is now well into the establishment stage of the Introduction–naturalisation–invasion continuum and spreading in the lake. Management options should thus aim at preventing further spread and reducing the population size and the potential negative impacts of this species.     

日粮能量和蛋白水平对双向选择血浆极低密度脂蛋白浓度肉鸡腹脂和产肉性能的影响

对７０８只（公母各半）５～９周龄一世代高、低极低密度脂蛋白（ＶＬＤＬ）系肉鸡进行３个代谢能水平（１３．４,１２．５,１１．６ＭＪ／ｋｇ）和３个粗蛋白水平（２２．４％,１９．４％,１６．４％）的三因子交叉的遗传－营养互作试验,以探讨肉鸡腹脂及屠体性状的遗传、营养、性别间的互作效应。结果表明：日粮对脂肪沉积的影响存在品系差异,品系与日粮代谢能互作对板油有明显影响（Ｐ＜０．０５）;日粮代谢能和粗蛋白对高ＶＬＤＬ系板油的影响大于低ＶＬＤＬ系,高ＶＬＤＬ系板油随日粮代谢能的升高而升高,而低ＶＬＤＬ系无此规律。品系与日粮代谢能互作对肌胃脂率有明显影响（Ｐ＜０．０５）,日粮代谢能对低ＶＬＤＬ系肌胃脂的影响大于高ＶＬＤＬ系,而粗蛋白对高ＶＬＤＬ系肌胃脂的影响大于低ＶＬＤＬ系。品系间肌胃脂的差异在不同日粮代谢能水平下表现不一致。品系与日粮互作对产肉性状未产生明显影响。日粮代谢能与性别间的互作对腿肌率有明显影响（Ｐ＜０．０５）,雌性腿肌率随代谢能水平的升高而降低。     

家畜性别控制技术的研究进展

在畜牧生产中,人为控制出生家畜的性别可以降低生产成本,提高经济效益。随着科技的进步和研究的不断深入,家畜性别控制技术也在不断的完善。作者综述了X、Y精子的分离和胚胎性别鉴定这两项家畜性控技术的发展历程和研究现状,并对其今后的研究方向及应用前景进行了展望。