巴音温都尔沙漠东北缘起沙风风况及输沙势特征

[目的]起沙风和输沙势特征是评估区域风能环境的关键指标。分析巴音温都尔沙漠东北缘起沙风风况和输沙势变化特征,揭示该地区近地层风动力特点及风沙活动强度,评估区域风能环境状况,为研究区风沙运动研究和科学防沙治沙工作提供理论依据。[方法]基于巴音温都尔沙漠东北缘气象站2017—2021年的风况数据,系统分析了该区域起沙风风况和输沙势变化特征。[结果](1)该地区年均起沙风频率为43.70%,平均起沙风速为7.57 m/s,二者均以春季最高。不同季节和年均起沙风均以偏西(W,WSW,SW)和偏南(S,SSE,SE)风向为主。(2)年均输沙势(DP)为68.36 VU,合成输沙势(RDP)为29.39 VU,风向变率指数(RDP/DP)为0.43,合成输沙势方向(RDD)为91.33°,春季输沙势(DP)和合成输沙势(RDP)显著高于其他季节。(3)研究区起沙风平均风速对输沙势的影响大于起沙风频率,风沙活动强度主要由风速大小决定。[结论]巴音温都尔沙漠东北缘整体属于低风能环境,地表沙物质全年向东输移,春季是最主要的风沙活动期。6月是人工防护林建设和飞播造林治沙的关键时期,建议栽植防护林和飞播种子...     

不同群体规模下闭锁群体遗传漂变的模拟

为了研究在施行随机留种、随机交配、世代不重叠、群体间个体无迁移、整个保种过程中基因不发生突变的原位保种群体中遗传漂变的变化情况,试验采用计算机模拟方法针对不同群体规模下闭锁群体基因频率、基因型频率在50个世代中的变化进行研究。结果表明:群体规模越大,基因频率、基因型频率在世代间波动的幅度越小,因此世代间随机遗传漂变基因被固定或丢失的概率越小。     

A multiscale soil–landform relationship in the glacial‐drift area based on digital terrain analysis and soil attributes

Understanding the linkages between structure and processes in soil landscapes involves analyses across several spatial and temporal scales. The transfer of information between scales requires the (1) identification of respective scale levels and (2) procedures for regionalization. Here, we present a multiparameter delineation of landform units and their attribution with typical Reference Soil Groups (RSG) of a landscape of NE Germany which is representative of young moraine regions. Data sources are a digital elevation model (DEM, 5 m × 5 m), a reference data set from sections of an intensively augered landscape, and expert knowledge. A conceptual digital soil map was constructed in the scale 1:5000 based on the Topographic Position Index (TPI). The methodology is applicable for multiscale analyses. Results are (1) the landform unit classified by digital terrain analysis of a DEM, (2) the attribution of RSG, and (3) the evaluation of the classification. Accuracy of the method was 57% overall, with 70% accuracy on typical erosional sites. The developed method allows identification of terrain‐related soil pattern with high spatial resolution in glacial‐drift areas. The high resolution of soil information can be used for delineation of management zones in precision farming, or as input for process studies and models requiring a translation of typological soil information into relevant soil properties (e.g., by pedotransfer functions).     

巴丹吉林沙漠拐子湖地区贴地层风速廓线和风沙流结构特征

野外监测试验表明：自由风和风沙流廓线拟合虽都以Z=A·exp(-X/T)+Z₁形式分布,但在风沙流中拟合系数更高;风沙流结构中,在20 cm以下随着高度的增加,各高度的输沙率百分比、含沙浓度、运动颗粒能量都呈增大趋势;20 cm以上随高度增加,各高度输沙率百分比变小,输沙率占总输沙率的51%左右,含沙量主要集中在离地面20 cm以内;风沙流在垂直方向上,高度与含沙平均粒径呈负相关,风速与含沙平均粒径变化呈正相关。这些结论对拐子湖地区防风治沙有重要的指导意义。     

Risk Assessment of Antibiotic Marker Gene neo Drifts in Transgenic Pigs

This study was designed to study the possibility of gene drift of the antibiotic marker gene neo in transgenic pigs.First,dominance and recessiveness of neo gene in 6 piglets of F1 were identified using Southern blotting.It was found that 3 piglets were positive transgenic piglets and the other 3 piglets were non-transgenic piglets.The neo gene in blood and digestive tract tissue of experimental piglets were detected using PCR.The result showed that no gene drift was showed in blood and digestive tract tissues of experimental piglets.Then PCR technology was used to detect neo gene in intestinal bacteria of experimental piglets.The result showed that neo gene did not exist in the genome of intestinal bacteria.This study suggested that no gene drift was found in blood,intestinal bacteria and digestive tract tissues of piglets.     

Pesticide buffer zones for the protection of wildlife

Buffer zones can play important roles in agricultural habitats, both in the protection of off-crop habitats from pesticide and fertiliser drift and run-off, and in providing important areas of non-crop habitats. Their role in the protection of aquatic habitats from pesticide drift is a significant feature of pesticide risk management, but they are currently used only to a limited degree to protect terrestrial habitats. This paper summarises some of the evidence for the risks and impacts of pesticide drift into non-crop habitats, and the approaches taken by the nature conservation agencies in deriving buffer zones for the protection of sites that are important for nature conservation. Biodiversity objectives need to be explicitly built into ICM programmes, and buffer zones, together with appropriate application technology, can play an important part in reducing pesticide drift in ICM systems to achieve such objectives.     

Wind tunnel studies on spray deposition on leaves of tree species used for windbreaks and exposure of honey bees

A wind tunnel study was conducted to determine pesticide deposition on commonly used windbreak tree species used as spray drift barriers and associated exposure of honey bees. Although it has been known that windbreaks are effective in reducing chemical drift from agricultural applications, there is still an enormous information and data gap on details of the dependence of the mechanism on the biological materials of the barriers and on standardization of relevant assessment methods. Beneficial arthropods like honey bees are adversely affected by airborne drift of pesticides. A study was initiated by first establishing a wind tunnel to create a controlled environment for capture efficiency work. Suitable spray parameters were determined after a preliminary study to construct and develop a wind tunnel protocol. A tracer dye solution was sprayed onto the windbreak samples and honey bees located in the wind tunnel at various simulated wind speeds. Analysis of data from this work has shown that needle-like foliage of windbreak trees captures two to four times more spray than broad-leaves. In addition, it was determined that, at lower wind speeds, flying bees tend to capture slightly more spray than bees at rest.     

Genetic Structure of Mycosphaerella graminicola Populations from Iran, Argentina and Australia

Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) markers were used to assess the genetic structure of populations of Mycosphaerella graminicola collected from wheat fields. A total of 585 isolates representing 10 field populations were sampled from Iran, Argentina and Australia. The genetic structure of M. graminicola populations from Iran and Argentina is described for the first time. Results were compared to previously investigated populations from Israel, Uruguay and Australia. Populations from Iran exhibited high clonality and low gene diversity, suggesting an inoculation event. Populations from uninoculated fields in Argentina had gene and genotype diversities similar to previously described European and North American populations. Genotype diversity was high for populations from Australia and tests for multilocus associations were consistent with sexual recombination in these populations. Gene diversity was low and fixed alleles were found for several loci. These findings are consistent with a relatively small founding population for Australia. These 10 new populations were integrated into a genetic distance comparison with 13 global populations that were characterized earlier.     

古尔班通古特沙漠工程沙害形成的环境分析

通过对风动力与下垫面，包括地形地貌、沙丘高度、植被盖度以及沙物质颗粒等的相互作用和影响的分析，将古尔班通古特沙漠从北到南划分为6个风沙危害形成的环境区：Ⅰ．北部边缘区；Ⅱ．北部区；Ⅲ．中部区；Ⅳ．中部偏南区；Ⅴ．南部区；Ⅵ．南部边缘区。综合考虑各因素，依据沙源条件，将风沙危害形成环境的6个区划分为3个级别：一级为潜在风沙危害严重区（Ⅲ区）；二级为潜在风沙危害较重区（Ⅳ，Ⅴ，Ⅵ区）；三级为潜在风沙危害较轻区（Ⅰ，Ⅱ区）。     

电子鼻漂移阈值构建及其在白酒鉴别中的应用

为了有效去除电子鼻漂移,提出了一种基于空载条件小波包分解的漂移去除方法。对电子鼻空载数据进行小波包分解,获得小波包分解的逼近系数集;在对其进行离散度分析之后,构建了空载条件下的一种阈值函数。在此阈值函数基础上,扩展成为样本(有载)条件下的去漂移阈值函数,进而发展成有载样本的漂移剔除方法。为了检验该方法的有效性及实用性,将其应用于4种白酒的鉴别中。对4种白酒电子鼻数据按测试时间顺序生成训练集和测试集,线性的Fisher判别分析结果表明,训练集、测试集数据处理后的鉴别正确率均得到了提高,最低提高值为23.65%。表明此方法能够提升电子鼻的检测能力。同时,为了进一步检验该漂移去除方法的性能,采用非线性的BP神经网络进行鉴别分析,结果显示:训练集的鉴别正确率从处理前的65.5%提高到处理后的100%,处理后的测试集鉴别正确率也达到了97.5%。这不仅说明了4种白酒的鉴别属较复杂的非线性分类问题,还充分说明了该漂移去除方法的有效性。