Interactions of baseflow habitat constraints: Macroinvertebrate drift,stream temperature,and physical habitat for anadromous salmon in the Calapooia River,Oregon

相似文献   

Sex change and the genetic structure of marine fish populations

The interaction between environmental forces and dispersal characteristics is largely responsible for the patterns of population structure in marine fish. Yet, crucial gaps in knowledge on life-histories and the relative contributions of numerous environmental factors still hinder a thorough understanding of marine population connectivity. One life-history trait so far overlooked by most fish population geneticists is sequential hermaphroditism, whereby individuals first mature as one sex and later in life reverse into the other sex. Population genetic theory predicts that sex-changing fish will present a higher potential for more spatially structured populations than gonochoristic species, as a result of their naturally skewed sex ratio, which is expected to reduce effective population size and hence increase genetic drift. We gathered published data on genetic population structure in marine fish, as summarized by the popular F _ST index, and – after controlling for several potentially confounding factors – we tested the hypothesis that sex-changing species are more genetically structured than gonochoristic ones. Although we found no evidence to support the theoretical expectations, our results suggest new working hypotheses that can stimulate new research avenues at the intersection between physiology, genetics and fisheries science.     

Spatial and temporal patterns of walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) spawning in the eastern Bering Sea inferred from egg and larval distributions

Walleye pollock Theragra chalcogramma (pollock hereafter) is a key ecological and economic species in the eastern Bering Sea, yet detailed synthesis of the spatial and temporal patterns of pollock ichthyoplankton in this important region is lacking. This knowledge gap is particularly severe considering that egg and larval distribution are essential to reconstructing spawning locations and early life stages drift pathways. We used 19 yr of ichthyoplankton collections to determine the spatial and temporal patterns of egg and larval distribution. Generalized additive models (GAMs) identified two primary temporal pulses of pollock eggs, the first occurring from 20 February to 31 March and the second from 20 April to 20 May; larvae showed similar, but slightly lagged, pulses. Based on generalized cross‐validation and information theory, a GAM model that allowed for different seasonal patterns in egg density within three unique areas outperformed a GAM that assumed a single fixed seasonal pattern across the entire eastern Bering Sea. This ‘area‐dependent’ GAM predicted the highest densities of eggs (i.e., potential spawning locations) in three major areas of the eastern Bering Sea: near Bogoslof Island (February–April), north of Unimak Island and the Alaska Peninsula (March–April), and around the Pribilof Islands (April–August). Unique temporal patterns of egg density were observed for each area, suggesting that pollock spawning may be more spatially and temporally complex than previously assumed. Moreover, this work provides a valuable baseline of pollock spawning to which future changes, such as those resulting from climate variability, may be compared.     

Drift reduction and droplet-size in sprays containing adjuvant oil emulsions

The droplet-sizes and drift produced by sprays containing dilute oil-in-water emulsions of various vegetable and mineral oil adjuvants were measured in wind-tunnel experiments. When compared with water or a surfactant solution, both types of oil adjuvant reduced the proportion of small driftable droplets and, hence, reduced measured spray drift. Vegetable oils were more effective at drift reduction than the mineral oil. Spray drift tended to increase with increasing oil concentration and decreasing emulsifier content.     

圆形喷灌机施肥灌溉均匀性及蒸发漂移损失

为了评估圆形喷灌机施肥灌溉均匀性和蒸发漂移损失量,通过测试圆形喷灌机入机压力为0.15 MPa时,与喷灌机连接的计量隔膜泵吸肥流量与工作比例间的关系.分析了计量隔膜泵吸肥性能,并通过田间试验测试圆形喷灌机水力性能,评估了不同肥料类型和肥液浓度的施肥灌溉均匀系数及蒸发漂移损失量.结果表明:计量隔膜泵吸肥流量实测值和理论值的标准均方根误差为8.9%,且流量控制精度在工作比例为60%~100%时(相对误差|RE|≤5.6%)远高于工作比例为20%~40%时(|RE|≥13.3%).圆形喷灌机行走速度百分数为100%时,径向肥液水深与施肥量的修正赫尔曼-海因均匀系数基本相等,其变化分别为80%~85%和78%~86%,均小于径向肥液浓度的均匀系数96%~99%.不同肥料类型和肥液浓度处理间灌水、肥液浓度均匀系数差异不具有统计学意义.当风速小于2 m/s时,利用圆形喷灌机进行施肥灌溉产生的蒸发漂移损失量占灌水量的比例为1.5%~10.1%.     

转基因猪中抗生素标记基因neo漂移风险评估

本试验旨在研究转基因猪中抗生素标记基因neo漂移的可能性。利用Southern blotting鉴定F1代仔猪的显隐性,结果发现6头仔猪中有3头为转基因仔猪,3头为阴性仔猪。通过PCR技术对试验仔猪血液和消化道组织中neo基因进行检测,结果发现neo基因没有在血液水平和消化道组织中发生漂移。通过PCR技术对试验仔猪肠道细菌中neo基因进行检测,在肠道细菌基因组中没有检测到neo基因的存在。检测结果表明,仔猪血液、肠道细菌和消化道组织等都没有发生neo基因的漂移。     

Evaluation of genetic architecture and mutation drift equilibrium of Marathwada buffalo population in Central India

In the present study, microsatellite data on 24 loci were generated and utilized to evaluate the genetic architecture and mutation drift equilibrium of Marathwada buffaloes, a Central Indian population maintained under low input system. Sufficient allelic diversity was observed with a total of 109 alleles across different loci. The genetic diversity analysis of Marathwada buffaloes displayed moderate level of within breed variability in terms of mean number of alleles per locus (4.48) and heterozygosity values (Ho = 0.532, He = 0.624). The studied Indian buffalo population showed considerable heterozygote deficiency (F_IS = 0.138) and deviation from HWE at many investigated loci. Three quantitative tests viz. sign test, standardized difference test and Wilcoxon sign rank test and a qualitative test for mode shift distortion of allelic frequencies were employed to evaluate mutation drift equilibrium under three different models of microsatellite evolution. The population was found to deviate significantly under IAM and TPM, while it was reverse under SMM. The qualitative test for mode shift supported the results under SMM indicating the absence of genetic bottleneck in the recent past in Marathwada buffaloes.     

The Effect of Slabs on the Failure Mode of Reinforced Concrete Frame Structures

A majority of reinforced concrete frame structure failure patterns resulting from the May 12, 2008 earthquake in Wenchuan County, P. R. China were analyzed. It was found that the main failure mode of frame works was “strong beam, weak column”, which conflicts with the design criteria of “strong column, weak beam”. The cause of this failure pattern was analyzed. A new concept is put forward that should be considered in design work. The over strength caused by slabs connected monolithically to the beams is analyzed. The joint types, transverse beam stiffness and lateral drift influence the reinforcing effect of the sla, Moreover, a reinforced concrete frame model was simulated using the program ABAQUS. The slab reinforcement stress distributions at different lateral drifts were analyzed and the effective flange width value proposed.     

AS350B3e直升机航空喷施雾滴飘移分布特性

为了探究安装有AG-NAV Guía系统的AS350B3e直升机进行喷施作业时的雾滴飘移规律,以轻型机载北斗RTK差分系统获取的精准作业参数(时间、速度、高度、轨迹)为参考,进行了不同作业参数喷施试验。研究了该直升机以4种不同飞行速度范围进行单向式喷施作业时,对应的有效喷幅区域范围及雾滴飘移分布规律,对比了添加航空助剂对雾滴飘移距离及飘移量的影响。结果表明:有效喷幅区域的位置受自然风速和风向变化的影响,会向直升机航线下风向区域有不同程度的偏移;当直升机分别以70、90、100、120 km/h 4种速度参数进行喷施作业时,随着飞行速度的增大,有效喷幅宽度呈现先缓慢增大后急剧减小的趋势,100 km/h的飞行速度为有效喷幅宽度变化的峰值拐点;当侧风风速为1.1~2.3 m/s时,目标喷雾区的最小宽度在喷雾区域下风向水平距离27.61~48.94 m的范围内,且下风向受飘移影响距离均接近或小于下风向有效喷幅宽度,同时研究还发现雾滴粒径在200μm以下的雾滴更容易发生飘移,因此在作业时要预留至少50 m以上缓冲区(安全区)并合理选择航空喷头以避免药液飘移产生的危害;航空助剂的使用对于雾滴飘移量减轻效果显著,在同等作业条件下,添加航空助剂能够使雾滴飘移量减少33.94%。该研究结果可为直升机的喷施系统性能改进提供参考,对合理喷施农药、减少飘移、提高农药利用率具有重要意义。