玉米预防转基因漂移试纸条快速检测方法

本研究旨在使用试纸条检测方法在玉米苗期从常规玉米育种材料中发现转基因植株,以预防非预期的转基因漂移。以转基因和非转基因玉米为材料,以笔者过去开展转基因玉米材料筛选的经验总结为基础,开发出试纸条快速检测方法。本研究介绍了检测所需用品和取样方法,并且详细讨论了样品数量、操作步骤及注意事项等。还具体演示分析了2个典型检测案例的过程和结果。本方法的操作步骤简便易学,适合专业和非专业育种者或检测人员对田间材料在自查或检验中使用。熟练掌握试纸条快速检测法,能有效筛查和预防由于花粉或种子非预期混杂造成的转基因漂移。     

Modelling the dispersal of herring and hake larvae in the Strait of Georgia for the period 2007–2009

The Strait of Georgia (SoG), between Vancouver Island and mainland British Columbia, is a larval rearing ground for both hake and herring stocks, which are commercially important. Year‐to‐year variability in larval retention within the strait is examined by simulating drift tracks of larvae for these species using an ocean circulation model and a particle‐tracking model. Larvae with different vertical swimming behaviors were tracked in the springs of 2007, 2008, and 2009. Since herring larvae mostly stay near the surface, their distribution is heavily influenced by the wind. Strong winds to the north soon after the hatching period tend to wash herring larvae out of SoG and winds to the south help retain herring larvae inside the Strait. In 2007, the model indicates a massive wind‐driven export of herring larvae which may have led to the observed failure of herring production. In contrast, hake larvae reside deeper in the water column (50–200 m). Their distribution is less sensitive to surface forcing but is shaped by a deep gyre with cross‐strait currents. This study also suggests that the northern and southern SoG are weakly connected for herring larvae dispersal, which makes both regions potentially important to recruitment.     

Sampling method for estimating neutral allele frequency in a pedigreed population

The estimated allele frequency at neutral DNA marker loci is a fundamental parameter for establishing a conservation scheme for a set of livestock breeds. In this study, we propose a novel 'minimum distance (MD) method' for estimating neutral allele frequencies, which minimizes the error by the use of pedigree information. Using computer simulation and actual microsatellite data for a pedigreed cattle population, the performance of the proposed method was compared with that of conventional random sampling (RND). MD manifests a promising superiority to RND, irrespective of the sample size and the depth of pedigree. It is theoretically demonstrated that the error of the estimates depends on both the sample size and the distance of founder allele frequencies between the sampled and the non-sampled individuals. MD samples individuals so as to minimize the latter source of estimation error.     

陕北风沙区景观格局分析

陕北风沙区地处农牧交错带,气候干旱,是一个从沙区向黄土区的过渡区,自然环境复杂、恶劣。区内景观类型简单,半流动沙地、流动沙地占据了主体,是一种典型的沙地景观格局。水是区域景观发展的一个重要因素,绿色景观滩地、草地、林地仅有14．7％,显示出区内生产力低,生态环境脆弱。人为景观成为区域内仅次于沙地的景观大类,区内自然的景观格局正受到人类的强烈干扰。这种区域环境的过渡性及脆弱性,导致了区域景观结构的不稳定性与敏感性。     

油动单旋翼植保无人机雾滴飘移分布特性

为了研究油动单旋翼植保无人机在精准作业参数(速度、高度)条件下的雾滴飘移分布特性,该文建立了雾滴飘移收集测试平台,分别用雾滴飘移测试框架、等动量雾滴收集装置和培养皿收集3WQF80-10型油动单旋翼植保无人机在作业时空中及地面飘移的雾滴。将测试结果分别与侧风风速、飞行高度、飞行速度进行相关分析和回归分析,结果表明:在平均温度31.5℃、平均相对湿度34.1%的条件下,侧风风速为雾滴飘移的主要影响因素;侧风风速与等动量雾滴收集器和培养皿测得的雾滴飘移率呈正相关(相关系数r分别为0.97、0.93);而与雾滴飘移测试框架测得的雾滴飘移率无相关性;侧风风速为0.76~5.5 m/s时,90%飘移雾滴沉降在喷雾区域下风向水平距离9.3~14.5 m的范围内,因此在作业时要预留至少15 m以上缓冲区(安全区)以避免药液飘移产生的危害。研究结果可为低空低量植保无人机施药技术研究和建立植保无人机低空低量施药田间雾滴沉积与飘移测试标准提供参考。     

锡林郭勒典型草原区平坦草地风雪流结构特征

通过对锡林郭勒典型草原区平坦草地积雪全覆盖状况下风雪流野外观测,分析了近地表100 cm高度内的风雪流结构。结果表明:风雪流结构表现为移雪强度随距离雪面高度增加而急剧减弱。风雪流活动范围随着2 m处风速增强而逐步增大。风雪流结构函数在低风速条件下(4~7 m·s~(-1))符合对数函数关系衰减,高风速条件下(8 m·s~(-1))呈幂函数关系衰减;风雪流搬运高度主要集中在近地表20 cm范围内,该高度内移雪量达到总移雪量的80%以上;近地表100 cm高度范围内的平均移雪强度与2 m处风速符合极显著的幂函数关系,关系式为Q=3.378 6×10~(-7)·V~(5.5390)(P0.001,R~2=0.972 9)。近地表风速的增加,会导致风雪流搬运能力的急剧增强。相关结论可为典型草原区风雪流防治提供理论依据。     

Genetic structure of wild and domesticated grasscutters (Thryonomys swinderianus) from south-western Nigeria

Grasscutter (Thryonomys swinderianus) is a large rodent distributed across sub-Saharan Africa that is highly valued as a source of protein. There has been little effort to evaluate the genetic structure of grasscutters despite long-term harvesting pressure and over 40 years of grasscutter domestication in West Africa. Our objectives were to quantify the genetic structure of wild grasscutters, and to compare genetic variation from wild samples to those from various farmed samples within south-western Nigeria. We genotyped 145 wild and 88 domesticated individuals at 11 microsatellite loci and present results quantifying regional genetic structuring and the relative patterns of diversity among wild and domesticated grasscutter populations. Our data reflect high differentiation between wild and domesticated grasscutters, and significantly greater allelic richness and gene diversity in the former. Despite this, domesticated populations appear to have similar levels of observed heterozygosity and comparable levels of differentiation among domesticated samples relative to wild samples. This may be the result of high turnover within captive colonies, or frequent infusion of new animals. More detailed molecular and quantitative genetic studies are recommended on this species to be able to understand their natural variation, degree of connectivity and to improve strategies for domestication.     

基于旋跳自漂移修正的WSN网络信号源定位算法

为解决移动无线传感网在部署过程中存在信号源定位困难、数据链路防抖动性能差及信号上传带宽受限等难题,提出了一种基于旋跳自漂移修正机制的超高速移动WSN网络信号源定位算法.首先,考虑到区域内锚节点具有的信号源稳定特性,依据信号强度和跳数的逆向关系,构建信号强度-节点跳数强度搜寻方法,实现了信号源的定位,并从中选取性能最佳的区域节点;随后,基于移动无线传感网节点在高速移动过程中存在的频率漂移,计算锚节点跳数漂移误差,通过修正锚节点间物理差的方式来提高节点的覆盖能力,降低区域节点对区域外信号源的频率干涉覆盖现象,从而提升信号上传带宽;最后,考虑到sink节点具有的中央控制特性,通过sink节点控制来建立锚节点粒子群移动模型,使用周期递归的方式消除移动过程中锚节点移动性过高带来的频率及坐标抖动难题,进一步降低了信号源定位过程中的误差.仿真实验表明,在复杂网络条件下,与当前移动WSN网络定位中常用的超混沌偏移修正定位算法、螺旋递归自适应定位算法和逐次跌跳收敛定位算法相比,本文算法具有更高的定位精度与信号上传带宽性能,且相应的定位误差更低.     

基于空载数据的鉴别食醋电子鼻信号漂移校正方法

由于传感器老化,环境温度等因素,电子鼻信号的漂移是不可避免的,且严重降低电子鼻的长期稳健检测能力。为了实现电子鼻对6种食醋样品的长期稳健检测,该文提出了一种基于空载数据的小波包分解系数的漂移递归校正方法。通过小波包对电子鼻空载数据的分解,给出空载阈值函数(no-load threshold function,NLTF),然后将NLTF转换为适合样本数据的样本阈值函数(samplethresholdfunction,STF)。在获得的STF基础上,构建样本检测数据小波包分解系数的校正函数。借助于所构建的样本测试数据的校正函数,对6种食醋样品的电子鼻数据进行漂移校正。同时,运用"样本测量时间窗口(sample measurement time window,SMTW)"的概念,实现电子鼻数据的递归校正,进而建立了可实现长期稳健检测的递归鉴别模型。针对6种食醋样品,进行了为期16个月的间歇式测试。当SMTW选为4个月的测试样本及每次递推前移1个月样本数据时,建立的基于递归校正的Fisher判别分析(Fisher discriminant analysis,FDA)模型可完全实现6种食醋样品的长期稳健鉴别,正确鉴别率达到100%,使紧随SMTW后1个月内的测试样本能得到准确鉴别。该校正方法能够有效的去除漂移并且实现了电子鼻的长期稳健检测。