蝼蛄前足爪趾三维几何构形的减阻机理

触土部件的阻力直接影响耕作机械和工程机械的作业效率,该研究利用工程仿生设计方法,基于蝼蛄前足爪趾优异的地下掘进能力,提取前足爪趾的三维几何构形特征用于仿生试件设计,通过土槽切削阻力试验和有限元模拟,分析蝼蛄前足爪趾几何构形的减阻性能和机理。研究结果表明,前足爪趾的构形特征对切削阻力有显著影响（P<0.05）,仿生试件的切削阻力较楔状体试件最高可降低56.96%,三维仿生构形的减阻性能优于一维和二维构形。蝼蛄前足爪趾构形能使被切削土壤沿挖掘面顺畅移动,避免了土壤在仿生试件尖部的堆积和对中后部的挤压,实现切削阻力的减小。该基于蝼蛄前足爪趾的工程仿生研究可为耕作和工程机械触土部件的减阻设计提供理论基础。     

贵州草海表层沉积物重金属污染特征与源解析

为探明草海沉积物中重金属的污染水平和来源,将沉积物重金属与贵州表生沉积物地球化学背景值进行比较,阐述重金属沉积特征,以生物效应浓度为参考,评价重金属对水生生物的危害性;利用主成分分析法（PCA）、正定矩阵因子分析法（PMF）两种模型解析重金属污染源。结果显示,沉积物中只有Cu、Cr平均含量未超过背景值,Cd、Zn、Hg、As、Pb相对背景值的超标率分别为100%、95.23%、92.86%、83.33%、66.67%,Cu、Cr的含量大多低于效应浓度低值（ERL）,部分样本的Cd、Hg、Zn含量大于效应浓度中值（ERM）限值范围;两种模型均识别出4种污染源,分别为地表径流源占13.31%,人为活动源占45.13%,地质背景源占38.32%,大气沉降源占3.24%。研究表明,两种模型解析的污染源均可得到很好的表达,说明沉积物中重金属来源明确,在制定污染防治措施时应重视人为活动的影响。     

小麦专用肥在河南省典型地区的应用效果研究

河南省小麦单产和总产均居全国首位,然而当地农户施肥量大,且偏施氮肥、忽视磷钾肥现象严重,导致肥料利用率和经济效益较低.为解决这些施肥问题,依据河南省土壤养分供应状况和小麦营养需求规律,并考虑大、中、微量元素养分形态配伍和协同增效,优化肥料配方和生产工艺,开发小麦专用复合肥料,于2017-2018年在河南禹州进行小区试验...     

基于浑浊度监测山区河流悬浮泥沙含量的试验研究

针对山区河流悬浮泥沙含量监测缺乏实时性的问题,对浑浊度及悬浮泥沙含量进行监测,分析光照强度、流速、颗粒粒径和水体含沙量对浑浊度的影响,建立浑浊度与悬浮泥沙含量的关系模型式。结果表明： 1）光照强度对浑浊度的影响最大,根据二者之间的关系,将光照强度（E）划分为3个区间：E≤6 800 lx、6 800 lx <E≤22 000 lx、E>22 000 lx,对应于3个区间,确定了浑浊度与悬浮泥沙含量的关系模型; 2）水流流速主要影响上层泥沙颗粒的分布,流速为0.16 m/s时测量区域的浑浊度大于流速为0.018 m/s时的浑浊度; 3）泥沙颗粒的粒径大于扬动流速能带动的临界粒径时,其会沉积在渠底,因此,泥沙级配中大于临界粒径的颗粒占比越大,悬浮泥沙含量越小,浑浊度越小; 4）水体含沙量越大,水沙输移过程中携带悬浮泥沙的量也越多,测量区域上层水样的浑浊度越大; 5）采用本研究确定的浑浊度与悬浮泥沙含量的3个关系模型,预测得到的悬浮泥沙含量与实际悬浮泥沙含量的平均相对误差分别为7.22%、10.00%、8.58%。根据在自然条件下不同光照强度区间测得的浑浊度,可以得出该测量区域的悬浮泥沙含量。由于浑浊度可以现场连续、快速测得,所以将此方法引入山区河流悬浮含沙量实时监测是可行的。     

Effect of dietary protein reduction with lysine and methionnine supplementation on growth performance,body composition and total ammonia nitrogen excretion of juvenile grass carp,Ctenopharyngodon idella

A 63‐day growth trial was undertaken to estimate the effects of supplemented lysine and methionine with different dietary protein levels on growth performance and feed utilization in Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). Six plant‐based practical diets were prepared, and 32CP, 30CP and 28CP diets were formulated to contain 320 g kg^?1, 300 g kg^?1 and 280 g kg^?1 crude protein without lysine and methionine supplementation. In the supplementary group, lysine and methionine were added to formulate 32AA, 30AA and 28AA diets with 320 g kg^?1, 300 g kg^?1 and 280 g kg^?1 dietary crude protein, respectively, according to the whole body amino acid composition of Grass Carp. In the groups without lysine and methionine supplementation, weight gain (WG, %) and specific growth rate (SGR, % day^?1) of the fish fed 32CP diet were significantly higher than that of fish fed 30CP and 28CP diets, but no significant differences were found between 30CP‐ and 28CP‐diet treatments. WG and SGR of the fish fed 32AA and 30AA diets were significantly higher than that of fish fed 28AA diets, and the performance of grass carp was also significantly improved when fed diets with lysine and methionine supplementation (P < 0.05), and the interaction between dietary protein level and amino acid supplementation was noted between WG and SGR (P < 0.05). Feed intake (FI) was significantly increased with the increase in dietary protein level and the supplementation of lysine and methionine (P < 0.05), but feed conversion ratio (FCR) showed a significant decreasing trend (P < 0.05). Two days after total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) concentration test, the values of TAN discharged by the fish 8 h after feeding were 207.1, 187.5, 170.6, 157.3, 141.3 and 128.9 mg kg^?1 body weight for fish fed 32CP, 32AA, 30CP, 30AA, 28CP and 28AA diets, respectively. TAN excretion by grass carp was reduced in plant‐based practical diets with the increase in dietary protein level and the supplementation of lysine and methionine (P < 0.05). The results indicated that lysine and methionine supplementation to the plant protein sources‐based practical diets can improve growth performance and feed utilization of grass carp, and the dietary crude protein can be reduced from 320 g kg^?1 to 300 g kg^?1 through balancing amino acids profile. The positive effect was not observed at 280 g kg^?1 crude protein level.     

珠江河口重金属镉的含量与分布的季节特征

对珠江河口水体、沉积物和生物体中重金属镉(Cd)的含量与分布进行调查研究,结果表明,水体中Cd含量范围在0.022～0.047 1 mg/L,并且Cd含量在时间上由高到低依次为:2月、5月、11月、8月,2月Cd含量显著高于5月、8月和11月(P＜0.05).以海水水质标准衡量,珠江河口水体2008年中大部分时间为海水二类水质.沉积物中Cd含量范围在5.062～9.239 mg/kg,平均含量为6.974 me/kg,并且沉积物中Cd含量均超过海洋沉积物3类标准.与国内外河口比较,珠江河口沉积物中Cd含量处在较高水平,污染比较严重,并且有逐年升高的趋势.生物体中Cd含量范围在0.144～0.430 mg/kg,鱼类Cd含量均超过国家水产品卫生标准,并且肉食性鱼类Cd含量略高于杂食性鱼类,但差异不显著(P＞0.05).与往年调查进行比较发现,珠江河口鱼类Cd含量2000年较1988年有大幅增加,并且2000年以后增加也比较明显.     

基于可控性生态减渗目标的河床底质重构技术研究

生态减渗技术对发挥河流生态效益和减少水资源浪费具有重要意义。为研究适用于渗漏河道的河床底质生态减渗方案,开展变水头渗透试验与模型入渗试验探究了复合土减渗效果和入渗特性,结合各河道条件提出了不同的减渗配比及断面结构方案,并利用GeoStudio SEEP/W软件对不同方案下的渗流状况和渗漏量进行了模拟计算。结果表明：复合土减渗效果主要受掺料类型和掺量影响,掺入15%纳基膨润土的复合土在1m水头作用下,浸润锋经39天运移至复合土减渗层底部,56天内累计入渗量为11.1cm,减渗效果较好,可满足工程减渗需求;GeoStudio SEEP/W模拟显示,复合土减渗方案在高效减渗的同时保留有较高的侧向补水给能力,河流水位在0.3m~2m变化,两种典型方案的渗流损失量可降低37.54%~48.06%和75.34%~82.82%。     

微囊藻水华叠加对太湖沉积物中细菌垂直分布的影响

为研究微囊藻水华爆发对沉积物中细菌的影响,加强对富营养化湖泊细菌生态分布和环境调控原理的认识,选取太湖竺山湾沉积物柱状样,经添加高浓度微囊藻培养后,采用聚合酶链式反应-变性梯度凝胶电泳(polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis;PCR-DGGE)方法,分析细菌在沉积物中的垂直分布特征.结果显示,微囊藻水华叠加对于沉积物剖面表层细菌群落结构影响很小,对沉积物中细菌垂直分布的影响不大,仅在7 ～9 cm深度之间有一定影响.     

Electrotrawling: a promising alternative fishing technique warranting further exploration

In trawl fisheries, beam trawls with tickler chains, chain mats or bobbin ropes are used to target flatfish or shrimp. High fuel consumption, seabed disturbance and high discard rates are well‐known disadvantages of this fishing technique. These shortcomings are increasingly gaining international public and political attention, especially with the upcoming discard ban in Europe. The most promising alternative fishing technique meeting both the fisherman's aspirations, and the need for ecological progress is pulse fishing with electrotrawls. Here, the mechanical stimulation by tickler chains or bobbins is replaced by electrical stimulation resulting in reduced bottom contact, fuel costs and discards. Although a significant amount of research has been done on electrotrawls and their impact on marine organisms, most data were published in very diverse sources ranging from local non‐peer‐reviewed reports with a limited distribution to highly consulted international peer‐reviewed journals. Therefore, there is a clear need for a comprehensive yet concise and critical overview, covering and summarizing all these data and making these available for the scientific community. This article aims to meet the above goals by discussing the working principle of electric fields, the history of electrotrawls and their current application in the North Sea and impact on marine organisms. It is concluded by elaborating on the opportunities and challenges for the further implementation of this alternative fishing technique.