部分小麦低分子量谷蛋白亚基二级结构的预测与分析

为了从蛋白质高级结构的水平上研究小麦低分子量谷蛋白结构与功能的关系,利用互联网上开放的预测软件和蛋白质序列分析软件对已获得全序列,并明确其染色体定位的19个LMW-GS基因的推导氨基酸序列进行二级结构的预测和分析。结果表明,在整个LMW-GS二级结构中,无规则卷曲最多,达69.51%,α-螺旋(28.97%)较β-折叠(1.36%)占有绝对优势,因而归属于α结构型蛋白。其中,信号肽由大量α-螺旋和微量无规则卷曲组成,N-端和重复区均由无规则卷曲占据,而C-末端除富含α-螺旋和无规则卷曲外,还是β-折叠的唯一分布区。同时,两个分子间二硫键存在于无规则卷曲中,而另有6个分子内二硫键分布于α-螺旋内或其附近,由此推导出小麦LMW-GS二级结构的平面模式图。这种特异的LMW-GS二级结构不仅进一步证明了“蛋白质一级结构决定高级结构”,以及信号肽引导新合成的LMW-GS顺利进入相应细胞器等经典理论,而且从空间结构的水平上阐释了LMW-GS多肽链致密化及其互聚体形成、富集,并与HMW-GS一起影响面粉加工品质的结构基础。     

次生盐化对溪流底栖分解者和凋落物分解的影响

次生盐化是人类活动引起的淡水水体盐度异常增高的现象。目前,次生盐化已经由干旱区的局域环境问题,蔓延成为全球性生态问题,严重威胁淡水生态系统生物多样性、生态系统功能和生态系统服务。然而,次生盐化对溪流生态系统的效应尚不清晰,本研究以分解者亚系统结构和功能为切入点,解析次生盐化对溪流分解者群落和凋落物分解过程的影响,以期为河溪生态系统保护、管理、修复提供理论依据。已有研究表明,在盐化溪流中,（1）细菌群落和真菌群落对盐化过程的响应模式存在显著不同,相应作用路径对凋落物分解过程变化的调控能力也不同,真菌响应更为复杂;（2）盐化可通过致死效应和亚致死效应对底栖动物群落产生显著影响,撕食者通常对盐度敏感,盐化作用下底栖撕食者变化对凋落物分解过程的影响非常重要;（3）凋落物分解速率普遍降低,但凋落物分解过程与水体盐化特征和模式之间的关系尚未确定。后续的研究重点应包括溪流盐化时空动态的生态效应研究、凋落物分解的元素释放动态等过程参数监测、溪流次生盐化与其他因素（全球变化、富营养化、新兴污染物等）的交互作用研究等     

PEDV N蛋白的原核表达纯化及B细胞抗原表位预测分析

本研究旨在对猪流行性腹泻病毒(porcine epidemic diarrhea virus,PEDV)N基因进行克隆构建、表达与其B细胞抗原表位性质的预测。将PEDV的N基因进行PCR扩增,克隆到原核表达载体pET-28a(+)中,经酶切验证获得阳性克隆,将阳性克隆在表达菌E. coli BL21(DE3)中表达。通过对表达条件及纯化条件的优化,获得高纯度表达蛋白。利用生物信息同源模型化软件Swiss-Pdb Viewer建立PEDV-N蛋白的3D结构,并根据生物信息学软件DNA-Star预测PEDV-N蛋白的二级结构、抗原性、亲水性和表面可及性分析,综合分析预测其B细胞抗原表位。经预测PEDV-N蛋白氨基酸序列中存在13个B细胞优势抗原表位区域。研究结果将进一步为PEDV-N蛋白体外表达产物的应用及研制基因工程疫苗提供理论基础。     

Challenges for the sustainable use of water and land resources under a changing climate and increasing salinization in the Jizzakh irrigation zone of Uzbekistan

Jizzakh Province in Uzbekistan is one of the largest irrigated areas in Central Asia without natural drainage.In combination with aridity,climate change and extensive irrigation practices,this has led to the widespread salinization of agricultural land.The aim of this study was to identify opportunities to improve the reclamation status of the irrigated area and how best to effectively use the water resources in Jizzakh Province based on investigations conducted between 1995 and 2016.A database of field measurements of groundwater levels,mineralization and soil salinity conducted by the provincial Hydro-Geological Reclamation Expeditions was used in the study.The total groundwater mineralization was determined using a portable electric conductometer(Progress 1T)and the chloride concentration was determined using the Mohr method.The soil salinity analyses were conducted by applying two different methods:(1)the extraction and assessment of the soluble salt content,and(2)using an SM-138 conductivity sensor applied to a 1:1 mixture of soil sample and water.The analyses of the monitoring results and the salt balance in the"irrigation water–soil–drainage water"system clearly demonstrated that the condition of the irrigated land in the province was not significantly improved.Under these conditions,the stability of crop yields is achieved mainly through the use of large volumes of fertilizer.However,excess amounts of mineral fertilizers can also cause the salinization of soils.The average groundwater salinization value in most of the irrigated land(75.3%)fluctuated between 1.1 and 5.0 g/L,while the values were less than 1.0 g/L in 13.1%of the land and in the range of 5.1–10.0 g/L in 10.5%of the land.During the period of 1995–2016 the salinization level of the irrigated land in Jizzakh Province increased slightly and the area could be divided into the following classes:no salinity(17.7%of the total area),low salinity(51.3%),moderate salinity(29.0%),and high salinity(2.0%).Detailed studies of the salt balance in irrigated land,the impact of climate change,increased fertilizer use,and repeated remediation leaching on the groundwater level and mineralization should be conducted in the future,due to the possibility of accelerated salinization,fertility decline,and reduced yields of agricultural crops.     

转Pi9抗稻瘟病基因水稻株系的比较转录组分析

【目的】在转录水平上解析Pi9基因介导的稻瘟病抗性调控机理,为培育抗病水稻品种提供理论依据。【方法】向水稻品种日本晴(NPB)及其转Pi9抗稻瘟病基因株系(NPB/Pi9)接种稻瘟菌。分别于接种后0 h、12 h、24 h、36 h提取叶组织样品,选取12503个水稻基因定制基因芯片,进行水稻基因转录组分析,并通过qRT-PCR对部分差异表达基因进行验证。【结果】NPB/Pi9在接种后12 h、24 h和36 h的基因表达量分别与其接种0 h表达量比较,共检测到7754个差异表达基因;相应地,感病水稻NPB在以上时间点共检测到7385个差异表达基因;在接种后36 h,NPB/Pi9的差异表达基因数目显著多于NPB。比较NPB/Pi9和NPB相同时间点的基因表达量,共获得4065个差异表达基因,其中接种后36 h的差异表达基因显著多于接种后0 h、12 h或24 h。因此,NPB/Pi9的稻瘟病防御反应更强烈。对NPB/Pi9与NPB相同时间点的差异表达基因进行GO和KEGG分析,细胞外区域、植物对刺激应答、转录调控、氧化还原、离子结合、次生代谢和植物激素相关的GO分类在接种后呈显著富集,苯丙氨酸代谢、类黄酮生物合成和植物激素信号途径的KEGG通路在接种后显著富集。与效应分子触发的免疫反应(ETI)相关的水杨酸信号途径、几丁质酶,以及与病原相关分子模式触发的免疫反应(PTI)相关的胞外区域、对刺激的应答、木质素合成等,均在抗感水稻之间差异表达。而且PTI/ETI共有的WRKY转录因子、MAPK激酶、茉莉酸和乙烯信号途径等发生差异表达。综上所述,NPB/Pi9和NPB的差异表达模式与ETI和PTI相关,两者相互联系并在Pi9介导的稻瘟病抗性中发挥作用。【结论】与日本晴比较,抗病基因型NPB/Pi9对稻瘟病防御反应更强烈。转录因子、激酶、NBS-LRR基因、几丁质酶、水杨酸、茉莉酸和乙烯信号途径,以及植物次生代谢在Pi9介导的稻瘟病抗病反应中发挥重要作用。     

Neuroprotective Metabolites from Vietnamese Marine Derived Fungi of Aspergillus and Penicillium Genera

Low molecular weight secondary metabolites of marine fungi Aspergillus flocculosus, Aspergillus terreus and Penicillium sp. from Van Phong and Nha Trang Bays (Vietnam) were studied and a number of polyketides, bis-indole quinones and terpenoids were isolated. The structures of the isolated compounds were determined by 1D and 2D NMR and HR-ESI-MS techniques. Stereochemistry of some compounds was established based on ECD data. A chemical structure of asterriquinone F (6) was thoroughly described for the first time. Anthraquinone (13) was firstly obtained from a natural source. Neuroprotective influences of the isolated compounds against 6-OHDA, paraquat and rotenone toxicity were investigated. 4-Hydroxyscytalone (1), 4-hydroxy-6-dehydroxyscytalone (2) and demethylcitreoviranol (3) have shown significant increasing of paraquat- and rotenone-treated Neuro-2a cell viability and anti-ROS activity.     

Ecological and Industrial Implications of Dynamic Seaweed-Associated Microbiota Interactions

Seaweeds are broadly distributed and represent an important source of secondary metabolites (e.g., halogenated compounds, polyphenols) eliciting various pharmacological activities and playing a relevant ecological role in the anti-epibiosis. Importantly, host (as known as basibiont such as algae)–microbe (as known as epibiont such as bacteria) interaction (as known as halobiont) is a driving force for coevolution in the marine environment. Nevertheless, halobionts may be fundamental (harmless) or detrimental (harmful) to the functioning of the host. In addition to biotic factors, abiotic factors (e.g., pH, salinity, temperature, nutrients) regulate halobionts. Spatiotemporal and functional exploration of such dynamic interactions appear crucial. Indeed, environmental stress in a constantly changing ocean may disturb complex mutualistic relations, through mechanisms involving host chemical defense strategies (e.g., secretion of secondary metabolites and antifouling chemicals by quorum sensing). It is worth mentioning that many of bioactive compounds, such as terpenoids, previously attributed to macroalgae are in fact produced or metabolized by their associated microorganisms (e.g., bacteria, fungi, viruses, parasites). Eventually, recent metagenomics analyses suggest that microbes may have acquired seaweed associated genes because of increased seaweed in diets. This article retrospectively reviews pertinent studies on the spatiotemporal and functional seaweed-associated microbiota interactions which can lead to the production of bioactive compounds with high antifouling, theranostic, and biotechnological potential.     

松嫩草原盐碱土细菌多样性分析

以松嫩盐碱草原3种不同盐碱程度的盐碱土为材料,应用高通量测序技术,研究了3种不同程度盐碱土壤的细菌群落结构。结果表明:3种盐碱土的理化性质差异显著(P0.05),pH值、碱化度随着盐碱化程度增加而增大,而碱解氮、速效钾和有机质含量随着盐碱化程度增加而降低;3种盐碱土共获得2841个OTU,分属于39个细菌门,其中酸杆菌门、变形菌门等10个菌门是盐碱土中最主要的细菌门类;轻度盐碱土中酸杆菌门占主导地位,相对丰度为32.28%,中度盐碱土中变形菌门占主导地位,相对丰度为19.87%,重度盐碱土中放线菌门占主导地位,相对丰度为22.57%;RDA分析表明,酸杆菌门、硝化螺旋菌门、广古菌门、TM7等的相对丰度与碱解氮、有机质以及速效钾含量呈正相关,疣微菌门的相对丰度与有效磷含量呈正相关,放线菌门、浮霉菌门、拟杆菌门、芽单胞菌门、厚壁菌门的相对丰度与pH值、碱化度呈正相关。     

河套灌区盐渍化土壤玉米水氮耦合效应

为了探求适用于盐渍化地区的节水、施肥优化模式,采用大田试验,以玉米为研究对象,选取了轻度和中度两种盐分土壤,设置了10种不同水、氮处理,建立不同盐分土壤玉米产量与灌水量及施氮量之间的回归模型并对其进行了分析,研究不同盐分土壤水、氮用量对玉米产量的影响。结果表明：在轻度和中度盐分土壤条件下,灌水和施氮对玉米均有增产效应,水、氮交互作用为正效应,水分的作用大于施氮的作用。通过边际效应分析可知,轻度和中度盐分土壤施氮肥的增产速率没有明显差异,轻度盐分土壤灌水的增产效率明显高于中度盐分土壤。轻度和中度盐分土壤玉米最高产量分别为13 581 kg·hm^-2和11 115 kg·hm^-2,对应的水、氮配比均为灌水编码为0.77（全生育期灌水量2 250 m³·hm^-2）,施氮编码为0.69（总施氮量225 kg·hm^-2）。通过模型寻优,得到轻度和中度盐分土壤种植玉米的最佳水、氮配比方案均为全生育期灌水量为1 900.95~2 389.08m³·hm^-2,总施氮量为174.04~240.7 kg·hm^-2。优化方案的水、氮用量分别比当地灌水量（2 925 m³·hm^-2）节水18.2%~35%, 施氮量（325 kg·hm^-2）节肥26.0%~46.4%。优化范围包含了轻度和中度盐分的最高产量水、氮用量,产量与当地产量基本一致,符合当地灌水施肥要求。但从维持目前玉米产量和长期盐碱地改良的角度看,建议中度盐化土壤应选取水、氮优化范围中中等偏上灌水量和中等偏下的施肥量,以便于从根本上降低土壤盐分背景值,便于长期产量的提高;轻度盐分土壤选取优化范围适中的水、氮用量。     

U形渠道断面流速分布规律的初步研究

通过对U形渠道断面流速分布进行理论分析和试验研究,发现断面内最大流速发生在水面以下,综合国内外学者使用不同的流速仪对矩形明渠和复式断面明渠的试验资料,得出最大流速发生在水面以下是由于二次流的存在引起的。分析水槽实测流速,发现由于最大流速发生在水面以下,使得中垂线流速分布与对数律流速分布形式和抛物线形式拟合曲线都有一定的偏差。