Thoughts on Integrated Monitoring of Ecological Environment at Provincial Level

The Law of Soil and Water Conservation entitles the administrations of water resources at various level to monitor ecological environment and to proclaim status of soil erosion periodically. Monitoring units of soil and water conservation approved by local governments are obliged to undertake this work. How to develop a monitoring program needs an overall and long-term concept. Particularity and objectives of ecological environment monitoring was discussed. Monitoring at provincial level may be divided into two levels,province-wide and at project level. Those indicators meaningful,sensitive to any disturbances,and simple to measure may be selected to test status of ecosystem stability and health. It makes sense to have an integrated sampling design, to set up permanent observation plots and to collect data, so that to have a relative timely,accurate understanding of ecosystems in the province. A program regarding sampling design, field methods, data analysis, documentation and implementation was detailed.     

森林分层抽样程序

分层抽样在森林资源二类调查、木材消耗量调查、农村社会经济调查当中都经常应用。本文基于CASIO-4500P机型研制其应用程序,供有关人员参考。     

宁夏云雾山自然保护区草地土壤有机质空间变异性及采样数确定

作为草地土壤重要肥力指标的有机质,存在明显的空间差异.草地土壤有机质合理取样数取决于有机质要素自身空间变异程度和人们对数据精度的要求.采用传统统计学和地统计学相结合的方法,对云雾山草地90 m×90 m区域内的土壤有机质进行空间异质性分析.结果表明,有机质的合理采样数目较实际采样数目有大幅度减少.有机质在2个土层都呈正态分布,且都呈中等强度的变异,变异系数分别为13.47%、16.85%.地统计学表明,有机质在不同方向上存在强烈的自相关性,在不同的方向上均属带状异向性;草地土壤有机质合理采样数应建立在统计特性和空间结构性基础上.     

Genetic correlations between body weight,scrotal circumference and visual evaluation scores in Bos indicus cattle

The objective was to estimate genetic correlations between body weight (BW), scrotal circumference and visual evaluation scores of body conformation measured at standard ages in Guzerat cattle. All measurements were performed at 205 (weaning age), 365, 450 and 550 days of age; for BW, two additional measurements (at birth and 120 days of age) were realized. The data utilized in this study were retrieved from a database of the Brazilian Association of Zebu Breeders that contained information of registered Guzerat animals born between 1970 and 2013. Genetic parameters were estimated in bi‐trait analyses by using Bayesian inference. Genetic correlations between BW at 205 and 450 days of age with other traits were high and positive, whereas the correlations between visual evaluation scores with other traits were moderate. Based on correlations herein obtained, we conclude that selection based on BW results in increased visual scores and scrotal circumference, leading to improvements in productive performance and animals with best body conformation.     

控制二类调查蓄积的方法研究

对森林资源规划设计调查(二类调查)中系统抽样和回归分析技术控制总体蓄积的方法进行了比较研究.结果显示,回归估计可充分利用抽样调查与小班调查的综合信息,提高控制二类调查蓄积量的精度,提高成果质量.通常情况下,回归估计的效率高于系统抽样.回归分析可提高抽样数据的利用效率,回归模型有利于监控小班调查质量,修正完善小班调查的数据;利用回归模型校正系统误差,避免因系统误差引起不必要的调查返工所造成的人力和物力资源浪费.参16     

山西省大同市灵丘县养殖户布鲁菌病知识宣传干预调查

[目的]了解山西省大同市灵丘县养殖户对布鲁菌病相关知识知晓情况、可能的感染危险行为,为针对性开展布鲁菌病健康宣教提供参考。[方法]采用简单随机抽样方法,在灵丘县选取70户牛养殖户,通过设计的调查问卷对养殖户的布病防控知识和高危行为情况开展现状调查。[结果]在70名被调查对象中,有77.14%的养殖户没有对新购入牛进行单独饲喂的防疫隔离意识。有45.71%的养殖户对牛群未免疫布病疫苗。虽然灵丘县近年来多次开展过布鲁菌病的宣传干预,但该次调查结果显示,宣传干预仍有较大的改善空间。[结论]灵丘县养殖户对布鲁菌病的知识知晓率相对较高,但仍距离规划目标还存在较大差距,仍存在不小的感染布鲁菌病的风险。因此,在接下来的工作中应加强针对养殖户进行布鲁菌病宣传干预,提高该部分人群对布鲁菌病的防护意识。     

A theoretical study of the bulk breeding method

Summary The consequences of sampling losses that occur with the bulk breeding method are studied. The expected extinction rates are computed for various population sizes and various distributions of the number of seeds per plant (multiplication rates), using algebraic formulas in simple cases and computer simulations in more complex ones. Expected extinction rates are always high: they exceed 20 per cent after one generation. If the multiplication rate is not too variable, about 36, 50, 60 and 66 per cent of the lines are lost after 1, 2, 3 and 4 generations of bulk propagation respectively. The expected extinction rate increases almost linearly with the coefficient of variation of the multiplication rate after the first generation of bulk propagation. Random losses only partially add to sampling losses. Their effect is enhanced by a high coefficient of variation of the multiplication rate, but it is more and more reduced as generations advance.The selection resulting from sampling is also studied. It is shown that the response to selection is equal to the response that would be observed in a truncation selection procedure with an intensity equal to the coefficient of variation of the heritable component of the multiplication rate.Abbreviations BK bulk breeding - SSD single seed descent - HD haplodiploidization     

油松毛虫蛹种群抽样技术的研究

本文进行了油松毛虫蛹种群估值抽样及风险决策抽样技术的研究,其目的是为进行油松毛虫种群动态研究,实施综合管理决策提供优化的抽样设计。对估值抽样提供了三种方案:整株抽样,轮枝抽样,简易估计法。研究表明,在一定条件下,用后两种方案代替整株抽样估计种群密度可以提高抽样效率,降低抽样费用,且估计精度能达到一般科研和生产上防治决策的要求精度。关于风险决策抽样,给出了三组序贯抽样决策模型,任何一组均可应用。文中还应用了笔者提出的一组新的抽样设计模型,其结果与前人研究方法所得的结果一致。     

Contribution of large-scale forest inventories to biodiversity assessment and monitoring

Statistically-designed inventories and biodiversity monitoring programs are gaining relevance for biological conservation and natural resources management. Mandated periodic surveys provide unique opportunities to identify and satisfy natural resources management information needs. However, this is not an end in itself but rather is the beginning of a process that should lead to sound decision-making in biodiversity conservation. Forest inventories are currently evolving towards multipurpose resource surveys and are broadening their scope in several directions: (i) expansion of the target population to include non-traditional attributes such as trees outside the forest and urban forests; (ii) forest carbon pools and carbon sequestration estimation; (iii) assessment of forest health; and (iv) inclusion of additional variables such as biodiversity attributes that are not directly related to timber assessment and wood harvesting.There is an on-going debate regarding the role of forest inventories in biodiversity assessment and monitoring. This paper presents a review on the topic that aims at providing updated knowledge on the current contribution of forest inventories to the assessment and monitoring of forest biodiversity conditions on a large scale. Specific objectives are fourfold: (i) to highlight the types of forest biodiversity indicators that can be estimated from data collected in the framework of standard forest inventories and the implications of different sampling methods on the estimation of the indicators; (ii) to outline current possibilities for harmonized estimation of biodiversity indicators in Europe from National Forest Inventory data; (iii) to show the added value for forest biodiversity monitoring of framing biodiversity indicators into ecologically meaningful forest type units; and (iv) to examine the potential of forest inventory sample data for estimating landscape biodiversity metrics.     

小麦赤霉病菌源的田间分布型和取样调查方法

依据关中不同地县的调查结果,以频次分布法检验,表明麦田玉米残秆的赤霉病带菌量符合负二项分布。聚集指标的测定结果是菌量为聚集分布,聚集由环境因素所造成,聚块面积为3m~2左右,聚集度与菌量成正比关系。并给出了赤霉病菌量的最佳抽样式和序贯抽样式。