Sampling variation in genetic resources of seed crops: a review

Summary The first explorations for the collection of genetic resources of crop plants took place in areas designated as centers of origin. Later, important characters were found to be present in areas other than those indicated by Vavilov. Hence collection missions were extended to cover other areas in addition to the centers of diversity with different ecogeography and agromorphological features. Collecting activities were aimed not only at providing germplasm for immediate use in breeding but also at conserving genetic variation for future contingencies. The analysis of the collected material has revealed the complex nature, amount and distribution of genetic variation present in natural populations as well as in landraces, old varieties and primitive forms. The study of variation for characters from different regions indicated that it is possible to select certain characters for detecting variability in the populations and establishing the minimum number of genotypes to be sampled. A minimum number of 20–130 plants per sample, depending on the crop, is recommended in order to capture 95% of the total variation in the field. However, it has been emphasized that the number of different populations sampled rather than the sample size per population determines the overall efficiency of a collection. The findings reported allow better utilization of the collected material and formulation of optimal and cost-effective sampling strategies for the future.     

基于时空变异的旱地土壤有机碳高效采样策略研究

土壤有机碳(SOC)空间分布具有时序差异性,明确样点数量对不同时期SOC预测精度影响是制定高效采样策略的基础.选取3.93×104 km2江苏北部旱地作为案例区,运用普通克里金插值方法,分析样点数量对不同时期SOC空间预测精度的影响.结果表明:不同数量样点数据集下1980年苏北旱地SOC预测值与实测值的相关系数r和均方...     

基于近红外光谱的沼液挥发性脂肪酸含量快速检测

挥发性脂肪酸(Volatile Fatty Acids,VFA)作为厌氧发酵过程的重要中间产物,其在厌氧反应器中的累积能够反映出产甲烷菌的不活跃状态或厌氧发酵条件的恶化。为了实现对农牧废弃物厌氧发酵进行过程分析和状态监控,将近红外光谱(Near Infrared Spectroscopy,NIRS)与偏最小二乘(Partial Least Squares,PLS)相结合构建玉米秸秆和畜禽粪便厌氧发酵液乙酸、丙酸和总酸含量快速检测模型。将竞争自适应重加权采样法(Competitive Adaptive Reweighted Sampling,CARS)与遗传模拟退火(Genetic Simulated Annealing,GSA)算法相结合构建CARS-GSA算法对沼液中的乙酸、丙酸和总酸进行特征波长优选,原始光谱数据1 557个波长点经预处理和波长优选后,得到乙酸、丙酸和总酸特征波长变量分别为135、101和245个,建立的回归模型验证决定系数分别为0.988、0.923和0.886,预测均方根误差(Root Mean Squared Error of Prediction,RMSEP...     

基于混合狼群算法参数优选的泵站群运行优化

对于求解复杂的并联泵站群优化运行模型,狼群算法(wolf pack algorithm,WPA)存在收敛性和鲁棒性差等问题。为改善这些问题,该文以某典型并联泵站群为例,以泵站系统主机组运行能耗最低为优化目标,考虑流量、叶片角度、开机台数等约束条件,建立了并联泵站群优化运行模型。将模拟退火算法引入WPA算法中,提出混合狼群算法(hybrid wolf pack algorithm,HWPA)用于求解建立的优化模型。选择最小值、平均值和标准差作为算法性能的评价指标。相较于粒子群算法(particle swarm optimization,PSO)和WPA算法,HWPA算法求解典型并联泵站群优化运行模型得出的运行能耗最小值平均降低了15.60、10.23 kW,平均值平均降低了36.94、14.30 kW,标准差平均降低了84.82%、72.90%。在HWPA算法的基础上,对算法中的游走步长、奔袭步长、围攻步长的最小值和最大值4个参数进行单因素分析和拉丁超立方抽样设计计算,确定出4个参数的最优组合为0.33、1.53、0.672和4.8×10^5,进而提出改进混合狼群算法(improved hybrid wolf pack algorithm,IHWPA)。相较于HWPA算法,IHWPA算法求解典型并联泵站群优化运行模型得出的运行能耗最小值和平均值平均降低了4.66和13.26 kW,标准差平均降低了94.02%。应用IHWPA算法确定典型并联泵站群6个不同运行工况优化方案,结果表明,采用引入模拟退火算法、优选WPA算法参数的方法提高了算法的全局收敛性与计算鲁棒性,泵站运行最优决策方案较实际方案的运行能耗平均降低9.80%,可为泵站工程提供合理有效的运行方案,降低运行能耗。     

应用可见/近红外高光谱成像测定鲑鱼片脂肪含量分布(英文)

脂肪作为一种重要的品质参数,在大西洋鲑鱼片中的分布很不均匀。为寻找一种能替代脂肪化学检测的快速无损的方法,该研究应用可见/近红外高光谱成像测定大西洋鲑鱼片的脂肪含量分布。分别采用可见/短波近红外(400-1100 nm)和近红外(900-1700 nm)系统获取大西洋鲑鱼片样本的高光谱图像。提取样本图像的平均光谱并与其相应的脂肪含量化学值采用偏最小二乘回归(partial least squares regression,PLSR)和最小二乘支持向量机(least-squares support vector machines,LS-SVM)建立相关性模型。为降低高光谱图像的共线性和冗余度,基于竞争性自适应重加权算法(competitive adaptive reweighted sampling,CARS)分别在可见/短波近红外和近红外光谱区间提取16个(468,479,728,734,785,822,863,890,895,899,920,978,1005,1033,1040,1051 nm)和15个(975,995,1023,1047,1095,1124,1167,1210,1273,1316,1354,1368,1575,1632,1661 nm)特征波长,并分别建立PLSR和LS-SVM模型。特征波长模型的性能优于全波段模型,且近红外区间的特征波长PLSR模型为最优,预测决定系数(R2p)为0.92,预测均方根误差(root mean square error of prediction,RMSEP)为0.92%,剩余预测偏差(residual predictive deviation,RPD)为3.50。最后,将最优模型用于预测高光谱图像上所有像素点的脂肪含量以展示样本上脂肪的分布。此外,还基于该技术对大西洋鲑整鱼片实现了脂肪分布可视化。结果表明高光谱成像技术结合化学计量学方法在大西洋鲑鱼片脂肪的定量和分布可视化上有一定的研究和应用前景。     

基于GF-1卫星数据的农作物种植面积遥感抽样调查方法

GF-1号卫星是中国2013年4月26日发射的一颗高分辨率遥感卫星,为解决该新型卫星数据在农作物对地抽样遥感调查中的应用技术方法问题,该文针对GF-1号卫星数据的特点,研究了基于GF-1号卫星16m WFV传感器和2m/8m PMS传感器卫星数据的农作物种植面积遥感抽样调查方法。根据研究区物候历,选择农作物识别关键期的16m WFV传感器数据进行多时相农作物种植面积的中分辨率遥感提取;在中分辨率农作物面积遥感分类图基础上,计算研究区域的MORAN I指数,确定格网抽样单元的大小,进行多目标农作物的MPPS(multivariate probability proportional to size)抽样;对抽样单元采用2m/8 m PMS传感器卫星数据进行高分辨率农作物面积制图;最后根据MPPS抽样方法进行总体农作物种植面积的推断,并计算CV值,评价抽样精度。以江苏省东台市为研究区对GF-1号卫星数据进行了应用研究。研究结果表明,GF-1号卫星数据完全可以应用于县级农作物种植面积的提取,农作物种植面积提取精度优于90%。     

基于空间模拟退火算法的最优土壤采样尺度选择研究

以研究区0.5 km×0.5 km(尺度a)网格的7050个样点为基础,分别得到1 km×1 km网格的1757个样点(尺度b),2 km×2 km网格的444个样点(尺度c),4 km×4 km网格的110个样点(尺度d),以土壤有机质(SOM)为目标属性,运用模拟退火算法对4种采样尺度的土壤样点进行优化选择,确定区...     

不同采样尺度下土壤碱解氮空间变异性研究——以榆树市农田土壤为例

在精准农业的实施过程中,研究如何用较少的样本来反映田间信息的空间变异规律,再用科学的插值方法进行插值和预估是精准农业研究中的一个关键问题。以东北典型黑土区——吉林省榆树市为研究区域,在榆树市弓棚镇13号村内选择相对平整的地块进行土壤采样并测试其土壤养分。在对原始采样格网点按一定的样点间隔和布局进行抽取的基础上,利用克里格插值方法和BP神经网络方法分别进行空间插值,比较不同采样尺度（40m×40m,56m×56m,80m×80m,113m×113m,160m×160m五个尺度）对空间插值精度的影响。结果表明:（1）随着采样尺度的增大,碱解氮的空间结构系数C/（C₀+C）有减小的趋势,表明采样间距以内的不可估计误差逐渐增大,其空间结构的表现能力在逐渐减弱;（2）Kriging插值精度总体优于BP神经网络,随着采样尺度的增加,两种模型的模拟精度都有所下降,BP神经网路的插值精度和Kriging模型的插值精度的差距逐渐减小;（3）两种模型在113m×113m尺度上插值精度都发生了突变,如考虑碱解氮的空间变异规律和经济因素,碱解氮的最佳采样尺度应在80～113m。     

Estimating daytime subcanopy respiration from conditional sampling methods applied to multi-scalar high frequency turbulence time series

This study presents a new method to estimate daytime respiration from the subcanopy of forests directly from conventional eddy covariance (EC) measurements. The method primarily considers the respiration signal from root, litter and microbial respiration, which are known to be the main components of ecosystem respiration, R_e, as well as decomposition of coarse and fine woody detritus, and respiration from low understory vegetation (forbs, herbs and grasses). The conceptual framework is based on the premise that upward moving air parcels carry a specific and unambiguous signal in their CO₂ and water vapour composition, which can be separated and distinguished into respiration and photosynthesis. The model employed a combination of conditional sampling methods, quadrant analysis and relaxed eddy accumulation with hyperbolic deadbands to identify respiration events and to quantify their flux contribution. Datasets from five sites, most of which had multiple sampling heights, were selected to test this technique among contrasting ecosystems and canopy structures.Respiration signals were successfully identified in daytime data of all sites. A hyperbolic deadband of size H = 0.25 applied to the plane constructed from perturbations of carbon dioxide c and water vapour q densities effectively separated the signals of respiration from photosynthesis. The time fraction of respiration events was ≤10% during daytime. The global correlation coefficient r_c,q was found to be a universal predictor of this time fraction and was therefore used as a filter to identify periods of a meaningful and extractable respiration signal. Coherent structures, defined as ramp-shaped flow pattern observed in time series in and above forest canopies, are likely to be the underlying transport mechanism for these respiration events.Daytime subcanopy R_e estimates derived from the new method agreed with those derived from: (i) the intercept of light-response curves and (ii) soil CO₂ efflux chambers for three of the five sites. Limitations were posed by the dense, multi-layered deciduous canopy and the intense vertical turbulent mixing at one coniferous site. In addition, refixation of respired CO₂ by the understorey (CO₂ recycling) may cause an underestimation of daytime R_e or pose a limitation to the method proposed here. An indicator relating the canopy shear length scale, L_s, to the adjustment length scale, L_d, was proposed to predict the skill of the new method, and found to be useful in four of the five sites. Analysis of vertical coupling in the plant canopy using exchange regimes could explain the failure of the new method for the remaining site.     

玉米秸秆拉伸特性的试验研究

该文利用二次正交旋转组合试验设计方案,深入研究了含水率、叶鞘位置和取样位置3个因素对玉米秸秆拉伸特性的综合影响。结果表明,含水率和取样位置的单因素效应对玉米秸秆的拉伸特性有显著影响,而叶鞘位置基本上不影响拉伸特性。此外,含水率和取样位置的交互作用对拉伸特性也有显著的影响,且随着玉米秸秆样品的取样位置的不断升高,顶部和底部的秸秆样品的最大拉伸载荷和抗拉强度的变化与含水率的变化截然相反,可能是因为不同位置的秸秆有着不同特性的内部组织结构。该研究为玉米秸秆机械化收获装备的设计提供依据。