Effects on adhesion molecule expression and lymphocytes in the bovine mammary gland following intra-mammary immunisation

Changes to adhesion molecule expression and lymphocyte populations were evaluated in alveolar mammary tissue collected from cows following an immunisation protocol that involved intra-mammary inoculation to induce an IgA response in mammary secretions. The right quarters of the udder were immunised; the left side acted as a control. Antibody titres in secretions showed that at least two animals responded with antigen-specific IgA. Numbers of T-lymphocytes were 4-fold higher in immunised glands compared with controls (P < 0.05). IgA-, IgM- and IgG-positive cell numbers were significantly higher (P < 0.01) in immunised glands compared with controls in three of the four cows. No mucosal addressin molecule-1 (MAdCAM-1), vascular cell-adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) or peripheral node addressin (PNAd) protein expression was detected on smaller venules that stained positively for von Willebrand factor in alveolar mammary tissues, from either immunised or control glands. Both VCAM-1 and PNAd were detected on smaller venules in supramammary lymph nodes, however, there was no significant difference between immunised and control glands. Quantification of MAdCAM-1 mRNA showed very low expression in both immunised and control alveolar tissue compared with Peyer's patch positive-control tissue. These findings suggest that the bovine mammary gland is capable of a mucosal antibody response; however, MAdCAM-1 is not involved with lymphocyte homing to the mammary gland in this species.     

家畜泌乳生物学的研究进展

几十年来科研人员通过体内和体外试验的方法对泌乳动物的营养物质转运、调控机理以及激素的调控过程进行了大量的研究。但对动物营养、动物健康和乳成分含量之间的关系仅局限于单一日粮组分的调控,以及对其生化与代谢效果的研究。如今随着基因组学、蛋白组学及相关技术的发展,可以对以上问题进行更全面的研究。这些新技术正在为探究营养、泌乳和乳产品质量之间的相互作用提供新的、分子水平上的研究手段。文章回顾了营养对乳腺功能及其健康的作用,并对近20年家畜泌乳物学的研究热点问题加以介绍。     

动物外激素的研究进展

外激素是生物体向环境释放的一种或多种化学物质的混合物,在环境中起着同种个体间传递信息、引起对方产生特殊反应的一类生物活性物质。在动物中,外激素是应用最广和最古老的通信方式,它们表现的是一种精练过的社会行为和繁殖策略的工具。对外激素在化学特性、产生器官、接受器官、作用及其作用途径方面取得的研究进展作一概述,以亟为该领域的研究提供参考。     

小肽转运载体2及其在乳腺泌乳中的作用

作为一种潜在的重要的乳腺小肽转运系统,PepT2在乳腺氨基酸氮转运、降低乳汁药物分布以及乳腺疾病治疗方面都起到重要作用.对PepT2在乳腺中作用的深入研究在泌乳生理和临床治疗上都有着非常重要的意义.本文主要从PepT2的蛋白质结构与功能、底物转运特性、表达调控以及其在泌乳生理中的作用4个方面进行简要综述.     

王浆高产蜜蜂和原种意大利蜜蜂咽下腺发育蛋白质组分析

 【目的】对王浆高产蜜蜂（浆蜂）（A. m. ligustica）和原种意大利蜜蜂（原意）（A. m. ligustica）1、3、6日龄工蜂咽下腺进行蛋白质组研究,揭示咽下腺在此阶段的发育特征。【方法】采用双向电泳方法对浆蜂和原意咽下腺进行蛋白质组研究,通过与已鉴定蛋白功能的咽下腺和蜂王浆蛋白质组图谱比较,推断部分蛋白的功能。【结果】浆蜂咽下腺在3个日龄表达的蛋白数（210、192、230）分别显著的高于原意（169、188、212）,两蜂种均在6日龄表达蛋白最多（P＜0.05）。浆蜂咽下腺3个日龄表达的共有蛋白数为119个,其中21个蛋白表达量随咽下腺的发育显著上调,14个蛋白显著下调;原意咽下腺3个日龄表达的共有蛋白数为107个,其中15个蛋白表达量随咽下腺的发育显著上调,19个蛋白显著下调（P＜0.05）。1日龄浆蜂和原意咽下腺共有蛋白为145个,其中28个蛋白点浆蜂表达量显著高于原意,14个蛋白点原意表达量显著高于浆蜂,浆蜂特有蛋白为65个,原意为24个;3日龄浆蜂和原意咽下腺共有蛋白为138个,其中31个蛋白点浆蜂表达量显著高于原意,19个蛋白点原意表达量显著高于浆蜂,浆蜂特有蛋白为54个,原意为50个;6日龄浆蜂和原意咽下腺共有蛋白为175个,其中44个蛋白点浆蜂表达量显著高于原意,25个蛋白点原意表达量显著高于浆蜂,浆蜂特有蛋白为55个,原意为37个（P＜0.05）。与原意相比,浆蜂咽下腺发育3个日龄特有蛋白点总数为72个。从3日龄开始在浆蜂和原意咽下腺的蛋白表达谱中出现大量的王浆主蛋白点。【结论】从工蜂羽化到6日龄这一阶段内,浆蜂咽下腺蛋白表达明显比原意活跃,6日龄是2蜂种表达最为活跃的阶段。咽下腺发育过程中的共有蛋白为咽下腺发育所必需的管家蛋白,但它们的表达模式存在较大差异。不同日龄的特异蛋白表明咽下腺在不同的发育阶段需要不同的蛋白来调控。两蜂种工蜂咽下腺都从3日龄就开始分泌蜂王浆。     

牦牛乳脂合成关键酶基因全泌乳期的表达研究

试验以川西北高原的乳用麦洼牦牛为研究对象,应用实时荧光定量PCR技术对麦洼牦牛乳腺组织中的氨酰-CoA合成酶长链家族成员1(acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 1,ACSL1)、氨酰-CoA合成酶短链家族成员1、2(acyl-CoA synthetase short-chain family member 1、2,ACSS1、ACSS2)和脂肪酸结合蛋白家族成员3(fatty acid binding protein 3,FABP3)等乳脂代谢相关基因全泌乳期转录水平进行了分析。结果表明,4个基因在整个泌乳期均持续表达;分娩后30 d(30 d )ACSL1、ACSS1、ACSS2和FABP3基因的转录水平均比分娩前15 d(-15 d)显著增加(P<0.05),且达到最大值后逐步下降。产乳量测定结果表明,麦洼牦牛产乳量在120 d达到峰值,比乳脂代谢相关基因峰值表达水平晚90 d,其后产乳量逐步下降。结果表明,牦牛脂肪合成关键酶基因在全泌乳期的表达规律可能与牦牛对青藏高原生存环境的适应有关。     

动物乳腺干细胞的研究进展

乳腺干细胞具有产生所有类型乳腺细胞的能力。在乳腺组织生长发育过程中,乳腺干细胞对于动物青春期、妊娠期、泌乳期和泌乳衰退期的乳腺生长与重建等具有重要意义。体外培养的乳腺干细胞是研究乳腺细胞增殖、分化、生存和凋亡等信号通路的理想模型,同时在转基因乳腺生物反应器方面也具有重要的应用前景。因此,乳腺干细胞的研究对于乳腺发育的认知,乳腺癌的治疗及农业生产具有重要意义。作者针对乳腺干细胞的筛选、定位和体外培养方法的研究现状进行了系统的综述,并对未来的研究方向与应用前景加以展望。     

Changes in lipid composition of different tissues of common octopus (Octopus vulgaris) during short‐term starvation

In this work, we study the variations in concentration (mg 100 g^?1 dry weight) and total content (mg individual^?1) of different lipid classes in muscle and the digestive gland of Octopus vulgaris during an 8‐day starvation period. In all the samples analysed, polar lipids (PL) predominated in muscle (267.3–337.2 mg 100 g^?1) compared with neutral lipids (66.9–104.7 mg 100 g^?1). A significant positive tendency was observed in muscle for the content and concentration of monoglycerides as a consequence of starvation (P < 0.05). Furthermore, a higher cholesterol (CHO) content was detected in this tissue after the fourth day of starvation compared with the fed animals (P < 0.05). Neutral lipids predominated in the digestive gland (12 958–14 151 mg 100 g^?1) compared with PL (3157–6517 mg 100 g^?1), with triglycerides, free fatty acids and monoglycerides being the major lipid classes. The concentration of PL and monoglycerides showed a positive trend with starvation, while the triacylglycerol showed a negative tendency (P < 0.05). The results suggest that triglycerides and CHO are transported simultaneously from the digestive gland to the muscular tissues during starvation and the preferential use of PL and CHO during growth phases. It was estimated that lipids contributed 26% of the energy costs of the animals during starvation, mainly in the form of triglycerides from the digestive gland.     

牦牛胚胎皮肤及其附属物形态发生规律

通过胚胎组织切片及常规染色发现,胚胎期第35天已经初步分化形成皮肤,随后表皮经历复层化,真皮经历胞外基质纤维堆积,形成哺乳动物典型皮肤结构。毛囊形态发生开始于胚胎期第75天,经历基板形成、毛芽、毛钉和毛囊分化成熟几个主要阶段。初级毛囊形成过程中伴随几波次级毛囊发生,最终形成由3种不同毛囊类型组成,呈单毛囊散在分布的毛被结构。皮脂腺和汗腺的发育伴随毛囊发生而发生,经历形态发生和分化成熟过程,最终形成毛囊-皮脂腺-汗腺单位。牦牛皮脂腺和汗腺分布于初级和次级毛囊,这种广泛分布特征体现了其环境适应性。     

Effects of Energy,Protein and Amino Acids Levels on the Development of Mammary Gland and the Growth of Fetus in Sows at Late Gestation

Late gestation is an important period for rapid development of the sow's mammary gland and fetus. It is becoming more and more important to provide a suitable nutrient level in late gestation period for improve the reproductive efficiency of sow. Demand of energy, protein and amino acids for mammary gland and fetus in sows at late gestation are different. To provide reasonable nutrition for fetus, at the same time for the needs of mammary gland are still seldom reported. In this paper, the effects of dietary energy, protein and amino acids levels on the development of mammary gland and the growth of fetus were reviewed,the authors propose the requirement of energy, protein amino acid and reasonable proportion in sows at late gestation, in order to give some guidance for pig farmers.