宽口裂腹鱼消化系统解剖和组织学观察

该研究采用解剖、石蜡切片和HE染色法对宽口裂腹鱼(Schizothorax eurystomus)消化系统解剖特征和组织切片进行观察。结果显示,其消化管管壁由内向外分别为黏膜层、黏膜下层、肌层和浆膜,主要差别在于黏膜层和肌层。食道黏膜上皮为复层扁平上皮,上皮间分布有大量杯状细胞;前肠和中肠黏膜上皮为单层柱状上皮,明显可见刷状缘、杯状细胞和淋巴细胞分布其间;后肠黏膜上皮为假复层柱状上皮,其间也有杯状细胞和淋巴细胞分布,肠道中杯状细胞由前至后逐渐增多。食道肌层为内环外纵的骨骼肌;前肠肌层为内环外纵的平滑肌;中肠和后肠为内螺旋外环行的平滑肌。消化腺由肝脏和胰腺组成,胰腺弥散状分布在肝脏中,肝小叶不明显。研究表明,宽口裂腹鱼消化系统组织学特征与其食性具有适应性。     

Somatic cell and innate immune responses in mammary glands of lactating cows to intramammary infusion of Bifidobacterium breve at pre-drying off period

Intramammary infusion of Bifidobacterium breve (B. breve)-induced somatic cell (SC) counts, chemiluminescent response (CL), lactoferrin (LF) concentrations and mastitis-causing pathogens from quarters with subclinical mastitis were measured to evaluate innate immune response of mammary glands in dairy cows at 3 to 4 weeks before drying off. SC counts in 7 quarters of 7 control cows and 5 quarters of 6 cows with mastitis increased markedly on day 1 and SC values in control cows were significantly (P<0.05) increased and returned to pre-infusion levels on day 5 after B. breve-infusion. CL values in both groups increased markedly on day 1 and then decreased after B. breve-infusion; however, CL values in cows with mastitis did not return to normal levels on day 5 and at postpartum. The CL values were highly correlated with their SC counts in milk from both groups. LF concentrations increased toward day 3 after B. breve-infusion and were higher in cows with mastitis. B. breve-infusion eliminated 16.6% (1/6) of pathogens from 6 quarters with chronic subclinical mastitis. B. breve-induced SC responses in quarters from 3 cows with mastitis showed characteristic patterns of recovery, persistent and new infections. B. breve-induced SC counts in quarters from the cows in the pre-drying off were lower (25.7–70.6%) than those of the cows in mid-lactation. The intrinsic innate immune response in cows on pre-drying off may be decreased and appears to be insufficient to eliminate pathogens from mammary gland in the pre-drying off.     

Mineral contents of the muscle tissue and the digestive gland of Octopus vulgaris during short‐term starvation

We used spectrometry to study variation in the contents of minor (B, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn) and major essential elements (Ca, K, Mg, Na and P) in the muscle tissue and digestive glands of Octopus vulgaris after 1, 2, 4 or 8 days of starvation and in fed controls. The contents of the major essential elements remained constant during 8 days of starvation. Na was the principal element found in both tissues, followed by K, P and Mg. The contents of the minor essential elements were higher in the digestive gland than in the muscle tissue, with increased contents of Fe, Mn and Zn (p < .05) during starvation, confirming the high capacity of this organ to accumulate trace minerals. In muscle tissues, B, Fe and Mn contents were lower and Cu and Zn contents higher, in starved animals than in fed animals (p < .05). Significant negative correlations between the digestive gland index and the contents of Cu, Fe and Zn suggested that the loss of weight of the digestive gland during starvation is responsible for this increase in mineral concentration. This and further information on variation in mineral content will help to optimize performance of diets formulated for the octopus.     

盐酸解离对果蝇唾腺染色体解聚与制片效果的影响

盐酸解离是果蝇唾腺染色体制片中的关键步骤,研究了盐酸浓度与处理时间对染色体解聚合与制片效果的影响.解离不充分时,压片后唾腺染色体仍团聚在一起;解离过度时,染色体结构受损,二者都达不到制片的要求.用2 mol/L盐酸处理20 min或者用3 mol/L盐酸处理15 min,染色体解聚适度,染色体分散,染色体臂及横纹均清晰可见,制片效果理想.用3 mol/L盐酸解离,所需时间短,更适合于制片观察.     

牛MEN1基因真核表达载体的构建及其表达分析

多发性内分泌腺瘤致病因子1 (multiple endocrine neoplasia Ⅰ,MEN1)参与乳腺发育与泌乳行为的调控.本研究克隆了牛(Bos taurus) MEN1基因(bMEN1)的全长cDNA,并在不同细胞中检测bMEN1mRNA及其编码蛋白menin的表达情况.根据GenBank中bMEN1基因序列,设计特异性引物,用qRT-PCR方法得到附带EcoR Ⅰ和HindⅢ酶切位点的bMEN1片段,并将其克隆到真核表达载体pcDNA3.1-myc-his(A)中.体外转染物种同源性细胞牛乳腺上皮细胞(bovine mammary gland epithelial cell,MAC-T)和异源性细胞中国仓鼠(Cricetulus barabensis)卵巢细胞(Chinese hamster ovary cells,CHO)、小鼠(Mus musculus)成肌细胞(mouse myoblast cells,C2C12),利用qRT-PCR和Westem blot技术检测转染前后bMEN1 mRNA和蛋白menin的表达.双酶切和基因测序结果表明,成功构建了bMEN1基因的真核表达载体pcDNA3.1-myc-his-bMEN1.所建立的转染体系可以使目的基因bMEN1在3种不同细胞中成功表达mRNA和目的蛋白,转染后24 h都达到最高表达量,并达到极显著水平(P＜0.01),之后逐渐降低.其中,CHO细胞中的转染24 h后bMEN1 mRNA和menin蛋白的表达量分别是对照的28 415倍和5.65倍.本研究建立了bMEN1基因的真核表达载体及其转染体系,能够在不同细胞中成功表达,为体外研究MEN1基因对于乳腺的调节功能及其对于机体代谢的调节机制提供了一种工具和技术体系.     

Histological Features of Parotid Gland of Albino Rats Exposed to Smokeless Tobacco

Smokeless tobacco is very common personal habit of people living in various areas of Asia which is an alarming sign for the development of different oral diseases in such people.The aim of present study was to investigate effects of smokeless tobacco on parotid glands of the Aalbano rats by using various percentages of the smokeless tobacco.The rats were divided into three different groups,control group(A) no smokeless tobacco,experimental group(B) 5%smokeless tobacco and experimental group(C) 10%of smokeless tobacco with different feeds required according parameters.Weekly weight gain and partid gland were analyzed through student P test and histological structures were recorded through HE stain and Retculin stain.The results showed that as compared to control group body,weight of the rats was decreased in groups B and C having smokeless tobacco percentage in the diet.Weight of parotid gland as compared to control group was decreased in groups B and C with diet of smokeless tobacco.Further,histological observation under HE stain showed that parotid gland of group B showed mild narrowing of ductal lumen,collapse of vessels and stromal was also increased,in group C parenchymal tissues with loss of acini found damaged and glandular dystrop and lymphatic infiltration were determined moderate to severe.Meanwhile,reticulin stain showed that vascular collapses were shown because of increasing in stromal glandular atrophy in group C as compared to control group.In conclusion,this study showed that smokeless tobacco caused serious injuries in the tissue level in parotid gland with high percentage of smokeless tobacco which highlight health hazards on its consumption.     

油酸和硬脂酸对奶牛乳腺上皮细胞中脂肪酸结合蛋白3表达和脂滴分泌的影响

为确定外源添加长链脂肪酸油酸和硬脂酸对奶牛乳腺上皮细胞中脂肪酸结合蛋白3（FABP3）表达的影响,本试验采用荧光定量RT-PCR检测乳脂合成相关基因的表达情况,确定油酸和硬脂酸的最佳浓度和培养时间分别为75 μmol/L 12 h和100 μmol/L 36 h。采用Western blotting和免疫荧光法检测添加油酸和硬脂酸后FABP3表达和脂滴分泌的情况,为进一步揭示FABP3在乳脂合成信号转导通路中的作用提供理论依据。     

家蚕空泡型ATP酶（V-ATPase）基因的基本信息及表达特征

【目的】鉴定家蚕（Bombyx mori）中的空泡型ATP酶（vacuolar-type ATPase, V-ATP酶）A、B亚基的编码基因,并调查其在家蚕幼虫5龄第3天不同组织和上蔟时期丝腺不同区段的表达特征。【方法】利用生物信息学的方法鉴定家蚕的V-ATP酶A、B亚基的编码基因并在线预测V-ATP酶两个亚基所具有的结构域,采用软件将其分别与其他物种中V-ATP酶A、B亚基的氨基酸序列进行同源序列比对和进化树的构建,通过荧光定量PCR技术分析家蚕V-ATP酶A、B亚基的编码基因在5龄第3天家蚕各组织的表达情况。进一步利用向家蚕幼虫上蔟时期的气孔注射pH值指示剂溴酚蓝,对丝腺进行染色,通过颜色变化对丝腺不同区段的pH值进行调查。最后,采用荧光定量PCR对家蚕上蔟时期丝腺不同区段V-ATP酶A、B亚基编码基因的表达情况进行分析。【结果】获得了家蚕V-ATP酶A、B亚基的编码基因BGIBMGA008295(GenBank登录号NM_001098359.1)和BGIBMGA002241(GenBank登录号NM_001098358.1)。结构域预测发现这两个亚基均具有3个非常保守的结构域,分别为位于N端的β筒结构域、序列中部的核苷酸结合结构域和C端结构域。将这两个基因编码的V-ATP酶A、B亚基的氨基酸序列与其他物种V-ATP酶A、B亚基的氨基酸序列进行同源性比对和进化树的构建,同源比对结果发现不同物种中V-ATP酶A、B亚基的氨基酸相似度为90%,保守结构域间相似度高达95%以上,说明不同物种间V-ATP酶A、B亚基高度保守。进化树显示家蚕V-ATP酶A、B亚基与同属于鳞翅目的其他昆虫的V-ATP酶A、B亚基亲缘关系较近。5龄第3天家蚕各组织中V-ATP酶A、B亚基编码基因的荧光定量PCR结果显示,这两个基因主要在中肠、脂肪体、生殖腺和丝腺中表达。使用溴酚蓝染色的方法分析上蔟期丝腺不同区段的pH情况,结果显示家蚕后部丝腺、中部丝腺后区和中区为中性或碱性环境,中部丝腺前区pH急剧下降到酸性环境,前部丝腺也为酸性环境。进一步对V-ATP酶A、B亚基编码基因在上蔟期丝腺不同区段进行表达情况分析,发现V-ATP酶A、B亚基基因在前部丝腺和中部丝腺前区高量表达,推测V-ATP酶可能与这两个区域低pH环境的产生和维持相关。【结论】明确了V-ATP酶在家蚕各组织的表达情况,V-ATP酶可能与中部丝腺前区和前部丝腺腺腔的酸化相关,这为进一步研究V-ATP酶的生理功能提供了理论依据。     

Extramedullary plasmacytoma of the third eyelid gland in a dog

A case of extramedullary plasmacytoma of the third eyelid gland in a 7-year-old American Cocker Spaniel is reported. An enlargement of the third eyelid gland, abundant mucopurulent discharge, mild hyperemia and corneal pigmentation in the OD was present. Excisional biopsy of the mass revealed the gland was infiltrated and partially destroyed by a uniform population of neoplastic plasma cells. The neoplastic cells were positive for CD138, Ki-67 and λ light chain. CD20, CD3, κ light chain and cytokeratin were negative. Twelve months following surgery, no recurrence was observed. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first extramedullary plasmacytoma of the third eyelid gland reported in dogs.     

交感神经对妊娠早期小鼠子宫内膜发育的影响

为了研究交感神经对小鼠妊娠早期(妊娠第1～9天)子宫内膜发育的影响,本试验采用交感神经阻断剂6-羟多巴胺(6-OHDA,100 mg·kg~(-1)体质量)腹腔注射成年雌性昆明小白鼠,损毁外周交感神经.利用放射免疫分析法、组织学和免疫组织化学技术,检测了小鼠妊娠早期血清17β-雌二醇水平、子宫腺发育和子宫内膜细胞增殖的变化.结果显示:(1)在妊娠第1天(E1)、E5和E7 6-OHDA处理组血清中17β-雌二醇的含量分别降低了63.4%(P<0.01)、35.7%(P<0.05)和25.5%(P<0.05),而在E3和E9分别升高了79.3%(P<0.05)和156.7%(P<0.01);(2)6-OHDA处理降低了妊娠早期子宫腺的比例,与同期对照组相比分别下降了37.5%、38.6%、41.8%、61.4%和58.1%(P<0.01);(3)6-OHDA处理降低了妊娠早期子宫内膜细胞的增殖,使E1、E3、E5、E7和E9子宫内膜增殖细胞分别减少了27.2%、30.2%、40.7%、27.2%和27.7%(P<0.01).上述结果表明,交感神经对雌激素的分泌以及妊娠早期子宫组织结构的重建具有重要的调控作用,进而调节动物早期胚胎的着床和发育.